定语从句

一、 定语从句的定义及其结构

1.定义:在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

例如：The girl who is standing there is Mary.

2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的词。

3.类系词:引导定语从句的词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。

应该注意的是:

a.定语从句一般位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词来引导。

b.关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任某一成分。

二、 关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人，在定语从句中做主语，例如

That's the teacher who teaches us Chinese.

2.whom 指人，在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，在限制性定语从句中也可以被省去，但作介词宾语时只能用whom，例如:

Do you know the worker (whom) we met at the school gate?

3.whose指人，也可以指物，在从中做定语，例如:

The professor whose wife teaches you English has been to China.

The house whose windows were damaged has now been repaired.

4.which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，which充当宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以被省去，例如:

Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

The book which is on the desk is a dictionary.

在作非限制性定语从句中，which的先行词有时不是一个单词，而是前面整个主句所表达的概念，例如:

The foreign teacher helped us with spoken English, which was very kind of her.

5.that 多指物，也可指人，在从句中做主语或宾语。指物时，其用法和 which 大致相同。

This is the power station that (which) we built last year.

Who is the person that is playing the piano?

三、 关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

We’ll never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded

2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，例如:

This is the place where I was born.

3.why 指原因。在定语从句中作原因状语。例如:

All of us are quite curious about the reason why he did not turn up at yesterday’s party.

四、 关系代词前带介词的定语从句

1.关系代词 whom ,which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词可放在whom，which之前，也可以放在句中原来的位置上，例如:

Is he the man (whom) you spoke to yesterday?

该句的介词 to 放在原来的位置上，whom 可以省略

Is he the man to whom you spoke yesterday?

该句的介词 to 也可以放在 whom之前，whom 不可以省略。

在含有介词的动词短语中，动词和介词属于固定搭配，一般不可以分开，例如

This is the answer which we are looking for.

注意:关系代词that 不可以放在介词之后。

2.关系副词 when where 和关系代词 whose 有时可以用“介+which”来代替，例如

We’ll never forget the day when /on which the People's Republic of China was founded.

This is the place where /in which I was born.

The book whose cover has come off is mine. = The book, the cover of which has come off, is mine.

五、 由关系代as引的定语从句

as 可作为关系代词来引导定语从句，例如:

He is from Beijing, as you know.

在这里，as 引导的非限制性定语从句，相当于 which 引导的非限制性定语从句

He is from Beijing, which you know.

as引导非限制性定语从句,说明整个主句,从句可置于主句前、主句中或主句后，(which引导的非限制性定语从句不放主句前)，用逗号与主句隔开，意为正如......

As you know, he is from Beijing.

as 引导限制性定语从句常用于一些固定句型，如such/so... as.. the same...as...as...as...。例如:

I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using.

I have the same book as you bought.

六、 关系代词that 与 which 用法的区别

1.which可以引导一个非限制性定语队句，that 则不能。例如：

He had failed in the English exam, which made his father very angry

2.which之前可以有介词，that之前则不能，例如

This is the house in which Tom used to live.

3.只能用 that，而不能用 which 的情况，

①当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything. much, little, few, none 等不

定代词时，例如:

That is all that I want to say.

②当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时，例如:

The first place that I visited in Beijing was the Great Wall.

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

③当先行词被 the very, the only, the just 等词修饰时，例如:

Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows

④当两个先行词一个指人,一个指物时，例如:

The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.

⑤当主句己有疑问词 who或 which时，例如

Who that you have ever seen can do better?

⑥如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系代词是 which，另一句则用 that 避免重复

Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

七、 限制性定语从与非限制定语从的区别

定语从句分限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句两种，限制性定语从句为先行词不可总少的定语从句，如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，不用逗号分开，例如:

She is the nurse who looks after the children.

非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果将这种定语从句省去，也不至于影响主句的意思，它和主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如:

The letter is from my brother, who is working in the factory.

请比较以下限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句在意义上的区别:

All the books there, which have pictures in them, were written by him.

这儿所有的书都是他写的，书里面都有插图。

（该句含有一个非限制性定语从句，“书里面都有插图”只是对先行词的附加说明）

All the books there which have pictures in them were written by him.

这儿所有里面有插图的书都是他写的。

（该句为限制性定语从句，意即书里面没有插图的书不是他写的）

定语从句过关练习

1. Finally, the thief handed everything         he had stolen to the police.

A. which        B. what        C. whatever         D. that

2.This is the museum          the exhibition was held.

A. where        B. that         C. on which         D. that/which

 

3.Look out! Don't get too close to the house        roof is under repair.

A. where        B. which        C. of which         D. whose

4.This is the house        we bought last month.

A. where        B. which        C. in which         D. both A and C

5.This is the house        my parents met for the first time.

A. where        B. which        C. in which         D. both A and C

6.Do you remember the day       you joined our club?

A. in which      B. on which      C. /               D. which

7.Li Ling ,       to the concert enjoyed it very much.

A. I went with            B. with whom I went

C. with who l went        D. went with him

8.Alice received an invitation from her boss ,         came as a surprise.

A. it            B. that           C. which          D. he

9.I'm to fly to Kunming.        it is warm now.

A. which         B.as             C where          D. when

10.        is known to all, water is very important to mankind.

A. As            B. Which         C. Who          D. When

11. The man       you are going to make friends is my father's neighbor.

A. with whom     B. when          C. to whom       D. Which

12. The doctor       is leaving for Africa next month.

A. the nurse is talking to him          B. whom the nurse is talking

C. the nurse is talking to              D. who the nurse is talking

13. The man ____ around our school is from America.

A. which you showed                B. you showed him

C. you showed                      D. where you showed

14.He talked about a hero        no one had ever heard.

A. of whom       B. from whom      C. about that       D. Who

15. In fact the swede did not understand the three questions        were asked in French.

A. where        B. who        C. in which             D. which