宜兴市周铁中学高三英语阅读理解微专题二轮复习②——推理判断题

【考情分析】推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 作出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程，主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。高考对于推理判断的考查要求考生根据文章所提供的事实及自己的一些常识进行合理的推断,判断作者的意图、人物的动机及性格特征和事件发生的前因后果等。推理判断题在阅读中属于难度较高的题型,通常占总题数的15%~30%。考察方向有：隐含推断、观点态度、写作意图、文章出处/读者对象、预测推断。

 

一、设问方式

1.What can we infer from the first/last paragraph?

2.What does the passage/author imply/suggest?

3.What can be concluded from the passage?

4.Where does this passage probably come from?

5.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

6.What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____

7. What will be talked about in the next part of the passage?

 

二、技法点拨

（一）隐含推断题

 

典例 [2021·全国甲卷·B片段]

The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.

27. What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?

A. The rhino section will be open to the public.

B. It aims to control the number of the animals.

C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.

D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.

【思路点拨】

第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词Port Lympne Reserve。

第二步：根据关键词迅速定位原文信息，即原文倒数第二段第一句。据此可知，要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生动物保护区的好的候选者还为时过早，由此推知Port Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生动物保护区。故选D。

 

真题体验 [2023·全国甲卷·D片段]

Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.

Obviously, if precautions（预防） aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.

35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.

B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.

C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.

D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.

 

（二）观点态度题

所谓作者的观点和态度，就是作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、肯定；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法。

 

典例 [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D片段]

In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.

Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.

35. What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies?

A. Unclear.                 B. Dismissive.            C. Doubtful.                D. Approving.

【思路点拨】

根据最后一段可知，尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推断出，作者对Navajas的研究表示赞许。故选D。

 

真题体验 [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·D片段]

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis（重视） on emotion by employers，educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A. Favorable.       B. Intolerant.            C. Doubtful.         D. Unclear.

 

（三）写作意图题

★温馨提示:

从文体的写作特点来看：

记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。

说明文：明确写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。

议论文：写作思路为“提出论点→进行论证→得出结论”，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。

 

典例 [2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C片段]

Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.

31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?

A. The printed book is not totally out of date.

B. Technology has changed the way we read.

C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.

D. People now rarely have the patience to read.

【思路点拨】

第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词“the e-reader”。

第二步：通过此段第二句“从21世纪的角度来看，印刷书的确比较古老，但它仍然与任何用电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性”以及最后一句中的“a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, ‘off-line’ activity （印刷书籍仍然为完全私密的‘离线’活动提供了机会）”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。

 

真题体验 [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·B片段]

Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage（污水） from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.

26. What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?

A. To review John's research plans.               B. To show an application of John's idea.

C. To compare John's different jobs.              D. To erase doubts about John's invention.

 

（四）文章出处题

考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。

 

 

典例 [2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·A片段]Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature

Grading Scale

90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.

Essays （60%）

Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1=10%;Essay 2=15%;Essay 3=15%;Essay 4=20%.

21. Where is this text probably taken from?

A. A textbook.                                                B. An exam paper.

C. A course plan.                                            D. An academic article.

【思路点拨】

根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature（文学概论的评分原则）”和Essays （60%）部分中的“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course（你的四篇主要文章合起来将构成本课程评分的主要部分）”可知，文章主要介绍了文学概论课程的评分原则，由此推测本文出自一个课程计划。故选C。

 

真题体验[2023·全国乙卷·D片段]

If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate（有文字的） societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.

Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side， we have only a wooden shield（盾） dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.

In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact（联系） between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.

35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World        B. A Short History of Australia

C. A History of the World in 100Objects       D. How Art Works Tell Stories

 

[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C片段]

Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.

In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed（描绘） alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.

Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect（才智）, wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway， artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.

28. Where is the text most probably taken from?

A. An introduction to a book.                        B. An essay on the art of writing.

C. A guidebook to a museum.                        D. A review of modern paintings.

 

（五）预测推断题

预测推断类文章一般是预测接下来的内容或者事情的结局。需要我们把握全文线索，尤其最后一段内容的主题，谨记前文中已经谈及过的内容，后文不再重复。

 

典例 Still，I was more concerned about my husband's emotional state than our financial situation.David's sense of identity was tied to his job.He called his parents to tell them about losing his job，but didn't say a word to anyone else for weeks.He told me that he felt like “a failure”．

It was tough for me to watch David struggle with unemployment. One night a couple of weeks after he lost his job，David woke me just before midnight，sweating，pacing the bedroom floor and saying he felt funny.We spent the night in the emergency room waiting to see if he had a heart attack.Thankfully，it was just a serious anxiety attack.It was then that I knew I needed to do more to understand what my husband was going through.Here is what I learned from my own experience—and from talking to experts—on how to support your spouse through a job loss.   

1. What will be talked about in the next part of the passage?

A．What the writer did to help get some income.

B．How David suffered from the heart attack and the treatment.

C．How the writer supported David to get through the jobless period.

D．Why the insurance company fired David.

 

 

 

阅读理解微技能——推理判断题专项练习

①Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”

1. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?

A. Moral decline.     B. Environmental harm.    C. Energy shortage.     D. Worldwide starvation.

 

②“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”

2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?

A. She has learned new life skills.            B. She has gained a sense of achievement.

C. She has recovered her memory.            D. She has developed a strong personality.

 

③“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.

3. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?

A. The right way of exercising.                    B. The causes of a heart attack.

C. The difficulty of keeping fit.                    D. The aging process of the heart.

 

④The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

4.What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?

A．Doubtful.       B．Positive.              C．Disapproving.       D．Uncaring.

 

⑤Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading.I read for knowledge，and to make A's on my tests.Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned，but I didn't enjoy this type of reading.I liked facts, things that are concrete.I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.

5. What was the author's view on factual reading?

A．It would help her update test­taking skills.                

B．It would allow much room for free thinking.

C．It would provide true and objective information.     

D．It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.

 

⑥The problems of excessive (过度的) energy consumption，climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L．Friedman.He fears the worst，but hopes for the best.

Friedman points out that the green economy (经济) is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design，build and export green technologies for producing clean water，clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”

6.What is Friedman's attitude towards America's future?

A．Ambiguous.  　       B．Doubtful.             C．Hopeful.        D．Tolerant.

 

 

⑦“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.

7. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______.

A. test the readers’  knowledge about waves       

B. draw the readers’  attention to the topic

C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance             

D. invite the readers to answer them

 

⑧The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we can't change.We learn to avoid self­pity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.

8. What does the author intend to tell us in the paragraph?

A．A tough man can tolerate suffering.                    

B．A wise man can live without self­pity.

C．A man should try to satisfy people around him.     

D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.

 

⑨After years of observing human nature，I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance：curiosity and discontent.I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either.And I have never known an average man who had both.The two belong together.

9. The author aims to________in the paragraph.

A．propose a definition                               B．make a comparison

C．reach a conclusion                                  D．present an argument

 

⑩Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.

10. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.

A. help students see their own strengths          B. assess students’ public speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs          D. inspire students’ love for politics

 

⑪Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by“Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advice.

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.

11.This text is most probably taken from a ______.       

A. textbook        B. newsreel      C. doctor’s notebook         D. bottle of medicine

 

⑫Want to know more about global warming and how you can help prevent it? Doctor Herman Friedman, who is considered a leading expert on the subject, will speak at Grayson Hall next Friday. Friedman studied environmental science at three well-known universities around the world before becoming a professor in the subject. He has also traveled around the world observing environmental concerns. The gradual bleaching (变白) of the Great Barrier Reef, which came in to the public eye in 2002, is his latest interest. Signed copies of his colorful book, which was published just last month, will be on sale after his talk.

12. This passage is most probably ____________.

A. a poster about a lecture                               B. an ad for a new book

C. a note to a doctor in a university              D. an introduction to a professor

 

⑬In addition，positive affirmations (肯定) can certainly change your self­talk from negative to positive.Now，why not begin working positive affirmations into your life in some creative ways?

13.What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?

A．How negative self­talk influences a person.

B．How positive self­talk reduces stress in one's life.

C．Some great ways of making great friends.

D．Some creative ways of practicing affirmations.

 

⑭Still，I was more concerned about my husband's emotional state than our financial situation.David's sense of identity was tied to his job.He called his parents to tell them about losing his job，but didn't say a word to anyone else for weeks.He told me that he felt like “a failure”．

It was tough for me to watch David struggle with unemployment.One night a couple of weeks after he lost his job，David woke me just before midnight，sweating，pacing the bedroom floor and saying he felt funny.We spent the night in the emergency room waiting to see if he had a heart attack.Thankfully，it was just a serious anxiety attack.It was then that I knew I needed to do more to understand what my husband was going through.Here is what I learned from my own experience—and from talking to experts—on how to support your spouse through a job loss.

14.What will be talked about in the next part of the passage?

A．What the writer did to help get some income.

B．How David suffered from the heart attack and the treatment.   

C．How the writer supported David to get through the jobless period.

D．Why the insurance company fired David.

 

⑮“You can use me as a last resort (选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.

15. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?

A. She knows little about the club.                  B. She isn’t good at sports.

C. She just doesn’t want to volunteer.             D. She’s unable to meet her schedule.

 

⑯Most people agree that naturally grown food tastes better. Is tastier food worth the extra money? This is a matter of opinion. Whether it is healthier or not may require more research. However, organic consumers argue it is better to be safe than sorry.

16. What is probably the major concern of organic food consumers?

A. Price.           B. Safety.         C. Freshness.        D. Variety.

 

⑰Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.

17. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?

A. They developed very fast.                           B. They were large in number.

C. They had similar patterns.                            D. They were closely connected.