宜兴市周铁中学高三英语阅读理解微专题二轮复习①——细节理解题

【考情分析】细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，题型常分为直接信息题和间接信息题。所谓直接信息题就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的细节题，主要考查原文中的时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多数。

 

一、设问方式

(1)特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。

(2)判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。

(3)以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。

(4)填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________.

 

二、正确选项特征

三、干扰选项特征

四、解题秘籍

细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是最重要的得分点。

细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。这类题型的解题思路可分为如右图所示三步：

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

【使用说明】

1．首先要确定是在题干中还是在选项中找关键词。

如果题干里包含文章细节的信息，则在题干中寻找关键词。如果题干中没有提到任何关于文章的信息，如：Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage？则需要在四个选项中寻找用以定位的关键词。

2．以关键词为线索，返回文章跳读寻查。

只 有找到关键词或与之相关的词所在的句子，通过筛选信息，将定位范围缩到最小，才能节省解题时间，保证答题效率。

 

（一）直接信息题

例子1 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)

Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour

Duration: 3 hours (7 miles)

Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D．C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.

23．Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?

A．City maps.　           B．Cameras.        C．Meals.              D．Safety lights.

 

(二）间接信息题

相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。

 

例子2(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)

When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly.Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.

32．What does a plant do when it is under attack?

A．It makes noises.                          B．It gets help from other plants.

C．It stands quietly.                           D．It sends out certain chemicals.

 

★间接信息题“慎判选项3注意”

(1)注意同义替换

同义替换是指命题人利用同义词或近义词对原文的关键信息进行替换。解题时，考生应该根据题意，快速跳读全文，找到关键信息，然后在选项中寻找与原文信息最接近的同义词或近义词，这样就可确定正确答案。

 

[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)

I found the pre­holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less­used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．

33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?

A．Saving up for her holiday.                B．Raising money for a poor girl.

C．Adding the money to her fund.             D．Giving the money to a sick mother.

 

(2)注意信息归纳

归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解间接信息题时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，到文中找到相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。

 

[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)

In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband，” says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well­being also.”

Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners，” he says.

34．What does the coffee­shop study suggest about small talk?

A．It improves family relationships.                B．It raises people's confidence.

C．It matters as much as a formal talk.              D．It makes people feel good.

 

(3)注意识别干扰

高考英语阅读理解在考查细节理解题时，在干扰项的设置上常使用诸如张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半等方式来造成句意的改变。其中最常见的干扰项是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。

 

[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)

The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves (曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.

29．What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?

A．Its hilly environment.                                      B．Its large size.  

C．Its unique style.                                               D．Its diverse functions.

 

★做题小技巧：

1.在出现一些关键词，如however、but、moreover、therefore、 thus时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。

2.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项。　

3.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, completely, none,等。但不是绝对，也有例外。

4.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如： must, may, often, should, usually, might, most, more or less, likely, all, never，few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。

5.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及。

 

五、定位词的寻找技巧

1.定位词的选用

(1)特殊定位词

在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。

 

[示例1]

HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold，a project manager.

33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?

A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.

B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.

C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.

D.To link space technology with school education.

 

(2)普通定位词

普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。

[示例2]

In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.

25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?

A.He buys cooking materials for her.                  B.He prepares food for her kids.

C.He assists her in cooking matters.                    D.He invites guest families for her.

 

2.挑选定位词的注意点

(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词

定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。

(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换

在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。

[示例1]

Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.

Duration：3 hours

This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!

21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?

A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.

B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.

C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.

D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.

 

 

六、专项练习

①Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”（2022年新高考I卷）

1. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?

A. Moral decline.                          B.Environmental harm.

C. Energy shortage.                         D.Worldwide starvation.

 

②Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.（2022年全国甲卷）

2. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?

A. By following instructions.              B. By using a tool.

C. By turning the box around.            D. By removing the lid.

 

③In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.（2022年全国乙卷）

3. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?

A. To teach in a school.                  B.To study American history.

C. To write a book.                    D.To do sightseeing.

 

④Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed （诊断）. For years，Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone.There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to explain. “When people invite me to a concert, I just say, 'No thanks, I'm amusic,'' says Margaret. “I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy.”

4.In the last paragraph,Margaret expressed her wish that ______________.

A.her problem with music had been diagnosed earlier

B.she were seventeen years old rather than seventy

C.her problem could be easily explained

D.she were able to meet other amusics

 

⑤Accommodation on a room-only basis includes shared kitchen and bathroom facilities and often a main living room. This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the long-stay student. However, it does not provide the same family atmosphere as an ordinary home stay and may not benefit those who need to practice English at home quite as much.

5. Why do some people choose self-catering accommodation?

A. To experience a warmer family atmosphere.

B.To enrich their knowledge of English.

C.To entertain friends as they like.

D.To enjoy much more freedom.

 

⑥In fact, most of the time, jokes are only funny for people who share a cultural background or understand humor in the same way. Chinese-American comedian Joe Wong found this out first-hand. He had achieved huge success in the US, but when he returned to China in 2008 for his first live show in Beijing, he discovered that people didn't think his. Chinese jokes were as funny as his English ones.

6. From the article we can learn that _______________.         

A.jokes about sports are difficult for foreigners to understand

B. Americans are generally more humorous than British people

C. not all English native speakers can understand English jokes easily

D. British people's dark jokes often make people uncomfortable

 

⑦If you are like most learners, you may have faced such a situation:You think you understand a topic.Yet when asked to use what you have learned, you are not able to remember the information. Not being able to retrieve new ideas could happen on a test or even in a conversation.

7.According to Sarah Lynn, what's the common situation faced by English learners?

A. They are always forgetting what they have just learned despite their effort.

B. They have to improve their ability both on a test and in a conversation.

C. They don't learn something as well as they thought they did.

D. They don't master ways to improve their skills on a test.

 

⑧The benefits of such practice, Lynn says, are not just about improving your ability to remember information.By testing yourself, you can build confidence in the skills you have developed. When you test yourself,Lynn says, you will see how much progress you have made. This progress will satisfy and encourage you to do more in the future.

8. What's one benefit of self-testing?

A. Develop people's interest in their study.

B. Improve people's psychological quality.

C. Focus people's attention on their study..

D.Help people think more critically.

 

⑨When students know what they do not understand, they can pay attention to overcoming their weaknesses.Lynn recommends that learners test themselves by getting away from what they are studying.Then,they speak something. Lynn suggests reading something or watching a video on the topic, then getting rid of the reading or audio material and summarizing it. This will allow learners to test what they know.

9. Which is the advice given by Sarah Lynn about testing oneself?

A. Present what's learned with the book closed.

B. Remember what's learned by repetitive reciting.

C. Question your teachers on what you doubt bravely.

D. Challenge yourself to make complicated flashcards.

 

⑩The researchers then took a closer look at how the behavior of individual ants impacted traffic as a whole.And they found that when ants sense overcrowding, they adjust their speeds and avoid entering high-density areas, which prevents jams. These behaviors may be promoted by pheromones, chemicals that tell other ants where a trail is. The ants also manage to avoid colliding（碰撞） with each other at high densities，which could really slow them down.

10.How can ants avoid traffic jam according to the research?

A.They follow a special route.

B.The flow of ants will level off at high densities.

C. They depend on their natural chemicals to adjust their speeds.

D. They never stop or slow down on the way.