定语从句

进门测试

1．（2024·天津·二模）He’s looking for a new job, one _______ he can get more money to support his family.

A．when                B．which                    C．that                        D．where

【答案】D

【详解】考查关系副词。句意：他在找一份新工作，一份能挣更多的钱来养家的工作。先行词为one ，代指a new job，在定语从句从句中作抽象地点状语，关系副词为where。故选D项。

2．（2024·山东泰安·一模）—The pen with ________ she is writing is Jeff’s.

—Yeah. Jeff is looking for the pen.

A．that                   B．whom                    C．which                     D．who

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——她正在用的那支笔是杰夫的。——是的。杰夫正在找那支笔。空格处是“介词+which/whom”引导的限制性定语从句，先行词pen是物，作with的宾语。因此空格处是which，故选C。

3．（2024·天津·一模）I admire my English teacher greatly as he always tries his best to create an atmosphere ______ students’ interest can be actively aroused.

A．where               B．that                        C．which                     D．when

【答案】A

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我非常钦佩我的英语老师，因为他总是尽力营造一种可以积极激发学生兴趣的氛围。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是atmosphere，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选A。

4．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The engineers made two big plans for the dam, ______ was never put in force.

A．one of them                                         B．which

C．one of which                                        D．every one of which

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：工程师们为大坝制定了两个大计划，其中一个从未付诸实施。分析句子可知，句中无连词，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，排除A项，先行词是“plans”，从句中的“was”表明从句主语表示单数意义，排除B项，关系词在从句中作介词of的宾语，应用one of which引导，every用于三者及三者以上，排除D项。故选C。

5．（2023·天津·高考真题）Kenny still remembers the class discussion________the teacher asked students to share what they wanted to be when they grew up.

A．why                  B．which                    C．that                        D．where

【答案】D

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：Kenny仍然记得课堂上的讨论，老师要求学生们分享他们长大后想成为什么样的人。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the class discussion。先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，意为“在课堂讨论中”，是“模糊地点”，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。故选D。

 

一、知识脉络

二、知识精讲

定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。

关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词，关系代词分为who,whom,which,that,as和whose;关系副词分为where,when和why。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

一、关系代词的用法

关系代词替代先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。作宾语时，口语中常省略。如果关系代词作介词的宾语且介词提到关系代词的前面时，关系代词不能省略。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等，如下：

1．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）Dr. Hart says ______ he really admires is the way ______ she has acknowledged good health not only makes her more beautiful, but happier too.

A．which, that        B．that, what               C．what, that               D．that, which

【答案】C

【详解】考查主语从句和定语从句。句意：Hart博士说他真正钦佩的是，她认可健康的身体不仅使她更美丽，而且更快乐。分析句子可知，第一空引导主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，指物，应用连接代词what引导；第二空引导定语从句，先行词是way，关系词替代先行词在从句中作状语，用关系代词that引导，是固定用法。故选C。

2．（2023·湖南株洲·模拟预测）—Do you like the weekly program Readers on CCTV?

— Sure. It’s a great TV program _________ can develop the habit of reading.

A．who                  B．that                        C．what                      D．whose

【答案】B

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你喜欢中央电视台的周播节目《朗读者》吗？——当然，它是一档不错的电视节目，可以培养阅读习惯。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是TV program，指物，且关系代词在定语从句中作主语，用that或者which引导。故选B。

 

[注意]

(1)定语从句中用that不用which的情况。

that指物时，一般可以和which换用，但在下列情况下，只用that:

①先行词为all,anything,everything,nothing,something,much,none,the one等。

I will do all(that)I can to help you.我会尽力帮助你。

②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级或theonly,the very,the last,the same等修饰时。

That's the only book(that)I've read.那是我读过的唯一的一本书。

This is the most interesting book(that)I've read这是我曾读过的最有趣的书。

③先行词既有人，又有物时。

They talked about the people and the things(that)they remembered in the school他们谈到了他们记忆中的上学时的人和事。

④当主句是who或which开始的疑问句时，定语从句用that引导，以避免重复。

Who is the boythat was here just now?刚才在这里的那个男孩是谁?

⑤先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little等修饰时。

These are all the books that I bought yesterday这就是我昨天买的所有的书。

⑥在there be结构中修饰其主语的定语从句用that。

There is a book on the desk that belongs toFrank.桌子上有一本属于Frank的书。

(2)定语从句中用which不用that的情况。

①当关系代词前有介词时。

②引导非限制性定语从句，which可代表

先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。

③先行词是that,those时，引导词用which。

④一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that,另一个用which。

(3)注意区别：

①such...as...与such...that...

Thisbook iswritten in such easy Englishas I can read.写这本书使用的英语很简单，我能读懂。(as引导定语从句，作read的宾语)

This book is written in such easy Englishthat I can read it.(that引导结果状语从句)这本书使用的英语是如此简单，我能读懂。

②the same...as...与the same...that...

You bought thesame pen as Ihave.你买的钢笔和我的一样。

This is the same pen that I bought yesterday.这正是我昨天买的那支钢笔。

1．（2022·天津·一模）I’ll ask the teacher about the subjunctive mood______I’m very puzzled about; and that’s also ______ most of our classmates have doubt.

A．which; what       B．why; that                C．which; where          D．that; how

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：我会问老师关于虚拟语气的问题，我对此很困惑；这也是我们大多数同学怀疑的地方。“I’m very puzzled about”是定语从句，从句中缺少宾语，先行词“the subjunctive mood”是物，因此第一空用关系代词which/that引导定语从句，“most of our classmates have doubt”是表语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，根据语境可知，句子表示“这也是我们大多数同学怀疑的地方”，因此空格处是“......的地方”，因此第二空用where引导表语从句，故选C。

2．（2021·黑龙江哈尔滨·模拟预测）China on Monday delivered to Pakistan the largest and most advanced warship________China has ever exported.

A．when                B．where                    C．which                     D．that

【答案】D

【详解】考查关系代词。句意：周一，中国向巴基斯坦交付了中国迄今为止出口的最大、最先进的军舰。本句的先行词为warship作定语从句export的宾语，被形容词的最高级修饰，关系代词只能为that。故选D项。

 

二、关系副词的用法

关系副词主要有when,where,why等，它们的用法如下：

3．（2024·天津河东·一模）The reason ______Hollywood was a natural place for making movies was that the sun shines there every day

A．which               B．what                      C．when                      D．why

【答案】D

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：好莱坞之所以是拍电影的好地方，是因为那里每天都有阳光。分析句子可知，空格处为连词，引导限制性定语从句，先行词为reason，定语从句句子成分完整，所以用关系副词why引导，在定语从句中充当原因状语。故选D项。

4．（2024·天津和平·一模）I know I’ve put my passport in a place ______ I thought it would be safe, but now I can’t remember it.

A．which               B．that                        C．where                     D．what

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我知道我把护照放在了一个我认为安全的地方，但现在我记不起来了。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是place，关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C。

5．（2023·天津滨海新·三模）The Temple of Heaven is a complex of buildings________emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China worshiped heaven.

A．what                 B．where                    C．which                     D．when

【答案】B

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：天坛是中国明清两代皇帝朝拜天坛的建筑群。定语从句修饰先行词buildings，在从句作地点状语，故用where。故选B。

 

[注意]

1.有些先行词虽然不表示具体的地点，但却表达一种“地步，境地，形势”,此时也应用where或“介词+which”来引导定语从句。

常见的这类词有：case,point,condition,business,activity,position,situation,degree等。

Can you think of a case where you are mistaken by others,but you can't tell the truth?你能想出这样一种情况，你被他人误解而又不能说出实情吗?

It seems that their relation has reached the point where they have to divorce.似乎他们的关系到了必须离婚的地步。

2.介词十关系代词=where/when/why

when=表时间的介词(in,at,during)+which

where=表地点的介词(in,at,on)+which

why=表原因的介词(for)+which

There usedto be a time when(at which/during which)the Chinese people struggled forfreedom

中国人曾有过一段为自由而斗争的日子。

This is the company where(in which)I used to work这就是我过去工作过的那家公司。

I'd like you to explainthe reason why(for which)you were absent我想让你解释一下你缺席的原因。

3.方法点拨

正确选择关系代词which/that或关系副词when/where的关键在于：关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分。关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，应该用关系代词；关系词在从句中作状语时，应该用关系副词。试比较以下两组句子：

①I returned to thecity which/that I visited last year.我回到了去年游览的城市。(which/that作宾语)

I returned to thecity where I grow up.我回到了我成长的城市。（where 作状语）

②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.我水远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子.(which/that作宾语)

 I will never forget the days when we worked together.我永远不会忘记我们共事的日子。（when作状语）

3．（2023·天津·二模）As well as competitions, there are events such as poetry salons ________ you can share poems with others.

A．which               B．when                     C．where                     D．what

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：除了比赛，还有诗歌沙龙这样的活动，在那里你可以和别人分享诗歌。分析句子可知，设空处在句中引导一个限制性定语从句，修饰前面的poetry salons，关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C项。

4．（2023·陕西西安·模拟预测）Have you ever had a case ________ someone accused your journalist of getting the wrong end of the stick?

A．as                     B．when                     C．where                     D．which

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你有没有遇到过这样的情况，有人指责你的记者说错了方向？空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是case，关系词代替它在从句中作抽象的地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C。

 

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词之间的关系的紧密程度，定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

8．（2024·天津·一模）Liu Cixin has written many scientific fiction books, some of _____ have been translated into other languages.

A．them                 B．that                        C．which                     D．what

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：刘慈欣写了许多科幻小说，其中一些已被翻译成其他语言。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词many scientific fiction books，先行词指物，关系词替代先行词作介词of的宾语，应用关系代词which。故选C。

9．（2024·天津河西·一模）The result is not the same ______they had expected, ______was rather disappointing.

A．what, as            B．as, that                   C．as, which                D．that, which

【答案】C

【详解】考查介词和定语从句。句意：结果和他们预期的不一样，这是相当令人失望的。the same as是固定短语，意为“与……一样”，因此第一空用as；第二空引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，主语是前面整个主句的内容，因此第二空用which引导定语从句，故选C。

10．（2024·天津河北·一模）Football is a very popular sport, ________ many people like to compete.

A．at which           B．for which               C．in which                 D．with which

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：足球是一项非常受欢迎的运动，许多人喜欢参加这项比赛。分析句子可知，空处缺少关系词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为sport，结合compete的搭配“compete in+比赛”可知，此处先行词作介词in的宾语，in提到前面，其后搭配which。故选C项。

 

四、非限制性定语从句中as和which的区别

as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容，先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，as和which均不可省略，有时两者可以互换：

He married her,as/which was natural他跟她结婚，这是很自然的事。

在有些情况，as和which引导的非限制性定语从句不同：

1.在下列情况通常只用as而不用which:

(1)当定语从句置于主句前面时，只用as不用which。

As we all know,the Great Wall is very famous.众所周知，长城非常有名。

(2)先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，通常用as不用which,从句谓语通常为：be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be mentioned等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。

She has been absent again-as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。

Tom has made rapid progress,which makesme very happy.汤姆进步很快，这使我很高兴。

另外，as常用在下列习惯用语中：as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was printed out,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears,as isoftenthe case+as anybody can see,as we have expected。

There is no simple answer,asis often the case in science.(山东卷)没有简单的答案，这是科学界常有的事。

She has read widely in RomanticLiterature as(it)appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。

2.下列情况通常用which而不用as:

(1)关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时。

I don't think that he will come to see me,which makes me sad.我认为他不会来看我了，这使我伤心。

(2)当主句和从句存在着逻辑上的因果关系时。

Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.

汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。

(3)关系代词指代主句中的某一个单词时。

Themoon,which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth,creates many beautiful stories.

月球，这个距离地球384,400公里远的星球，使许多美丽的故事得以存在。

(4)关系代词在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，如：in which case,at which point(相当于andin this/that case或and at this/that point)等。

She might possibly come,in which case I'll ask her她可能会来的，要是那样的话我就去问她。

(5)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时。

He came here very late,which was unexpected他来得很晚，这是意料之外的。

He pretended not to know me,which I didn't understand.他假装不认识我，我真不明白。

(6)非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时，用which;反之用as。Jane told me she won the match,which was a lie简告诉我她赢了比赛，这是谎话。(was不可省略)

As(was)planned,we met at the airport按照计划，我们在机场相见了。(was可省略)

 

五、“介词十关系代词”引导的定语从句

当关系代词作介词宾语时，就出现了“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。作介词宾语的关系代词通常用which和whom。这类定语从句应当注意几个问题：

1.注意介词的选定

(1)根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。

I got my grandson to instruct me on howto email and use the Internet and I really en-joy the speed at which my messages get sentand answered.我让我的孙子教我如何发电子邮件和使用互联网，我很喜欢那种发送信息和得到答复的速度。

However,the next King of Prussia,Frederick William I,to whom the amber room be-longed,decided not to keepit.

然而，下一位普鲁士国王，腓特烈·威廉一世，这个琥珀屋的主人却决定不要它了。

(2)根据定语从句意思的需要，此时不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。

He had a bad cold,because of which hedidn't attend the meeting.他患了重感冒，因此他未能参加会议。

He made a telescope,through which hecould study the skies.他做了一台望远镜，通过它能研究天空。

(3)根据意思选定复杂介词，如by means

of,as a result of,in front of,in theback of,allof,most of,the taller of,none of等。

The instrument by means of which thetemperature is measured is called thermometer.用来测量温度的仪器叫温度计。

There are forty students in the class-room,all of whom are working hard at a problem in mathematics.教室里有四十个学生，他们都在努力计算一道数学难题。

2.注意关系代词的选定

在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，如果关系代词指代事物，就用which;如果指代人，则用whom。

So they left Britain,to which they werenever to return,and went back to the lake.因此，他们离开了大不列颠再也没有回去，又重新回到了湖边。(which指Britain)

There are sixty students in our classtwenty of whom are girls.我们班有六十个学生，其中二十个是女生。(whom指students)

3.注意关系代词的可替换性

(1)介词in,on,at,for等与关系代词which一起引导定语从句时，可与相关的关系副词when,where,why等替换。

America is the country in which(=where)George Washingtonwas born.美国是乔治·华盛顿出生的国家。

I have forgotten the exact date on which(=when)this small country became independent.我已经忘了这个小国家开始独立的确切日期了。

The reason for which(=why)he re-fused to go tothe party wasthat they had notinvitedhim to.他拒绝去赴宴的原因是他没受到他们的邀请。

(2)“名词+of+关系代词”引导定语从句时，可与相关的“whose+名词”替换。

I will talk to those students,the home-work of whom(=whose homework)hasn'tbeen done.我要和没完成作业的那些学生谈话。

She lives in the house the windows ofwhich(=whose windows)face to the east.她住在一座窗户朝东的房子里。

6．（2024·天津南开·一模）Hate and anger are felt only for those ________ we care deeply.

A．for which          B．with which             C．for whom               D．with whom

【答案】C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：憎恨和愤怒只会发生在我们深切关心的人身上。care for“关心”。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是those，指人，关系词代替先行词在从句中作for的宾语，应用介词for+whom引导。故选C。

7．（2023·天津·模拟预测）I have sent her several letters, ________ she hasn’t replied so far, so I feel a little sad.

A．with which        B．in which                 C．to which                 D．on which

【答案】C

【详解】考查“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：我给她写了好几封信，她到现在还没有回信，所以我有点难过。分析句子可知，此处为“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，其中replied to letters是固定短语，意为“回信”，故将介词to放在which前，先行词letters在从句作replied to的宾语。故选C项。

 

六、几种复杂的定语从句

 

七、应注意的问题

1.主谓一致问题

(1)一般来讲，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与先行词保持一致。先行词为单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式；先行词为复数时，从句的谓语动词也用复数形式。

They are Dai and grew up in westernYunnan Province near the Lancang River,theChinese part of the river that iscalledthe Mekong Riverin other countries.他们是傣族人，在云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大，澜沧江是中国境内这一段的叫法，在其他国家境内叫湄公河。

There are manydifferent tribes that be-long to the Native American Indian group.美洲印第安土著民族有许多不同的部落。

(2)当“one of+复数名词”作先行词，且关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应用

复数形式；若one前有the,the only,the very,the right或just the等修饰时，则定语从句的谓语动词应与one一致。

He is one of the students who are very diligent.他是那些非常勤奋的学生之一。

He is the(only/very)oneof the studentswho is very diligent.他是那些学生中唯一非常勤奋的人。

(3)关系代词若在从句中作主语且指前面整个句子，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

And our porters carry your luggage,whichmeans that you can simply enjoy the experience.我们的搬运工为你搬运行李，这意味着你能尽情享受旅行。

2.that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别

在定语从句中，that作主语或宾语；在同位语从句中，that不作任何成分。试比较：

They find signs that make them believeother humans before them have travelled to the Earth's centre.他们发现了一些迹象，这使他们相信，在他们之前已经有其他人到地心旅行过。(定语从句；that在从句中作主语)

There are certainly no signs that Charles was a rich man!当然没有迹象表明查尔斯是个有钱人!(同位语从句；that在从句中不作成分)

 

三、解题方法

用哪个关系词，主要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。选用关系词的方法：一“找”二“还”三“替换”。

找：就是找出主句、从句、先行词和关系词。

还：根据先行词的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的

一句话。(可以添词)

替换：用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分，实际上是对定语从句中添加的部分进行提问。作主语、宾语和表语用关系代词，作状语用关系副词。

例:This is the school__________I oncestudied.

This is the school _________is the mostfamous in the city.

I am studying ata school ____________my father teachesEnglish.

解析:分析三个句子结构可知，空处都是引导的定语从句。首先找到先行词，三个定语从句的先行词都是school,然后是还原，根据先行词的提示，这三个定语从句还原成完整的句子后分别为：

I once studied at the school.

Theschool is the most famous in the city.

My father teaches English at the school.

最后看一下关系词在从句中替代的是什么成分，第一句替代的是地点状语，第二句替代的是主语，第三句替代的是地点状语。因此答案为：where;that/which;where。

 

真题回顾

一、单项选择

1．Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free.

A．whose               B．which                    C．when                      D．whom

2．We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.

A．which               B．what                      C．when                      D．that

3．The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.

A．which               B．when                     C．as                          D．where

4．Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

A．that                                                     B．where

C．which                                                  D．when

5．After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.

A．which                                                  B．who

C．where                                                  D．what

6．Many young people, most _________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

A．of which                                              B．of them

C．of whom                                              D．of those

7．(2015•江苏) The number of smokers, ___________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

A．it                                                        B．which

C．what                                                    D．as

8．In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A．which                                                  B．it’s

C．whose                                                  D．whom

9．The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, _______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

A．where               B．which                    C．what                      D．when

10．The newly-built café, the walls of are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.

A．that                 B．it                           C．what                      D．which

11．The Science Museum, ________ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.

A．which              B．what                      C．that                        D．where

12．He was educated at the local high school, ________ he went on to Beijing University.

A．after which       B．after that                C．in which                 D．in that

答案：

1．B

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故选B。

2．C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以关系词用when。故选C。

3．D

【详解】考查定语从句用法。句意：这本书对我的日常交际有极大的帮助，尤其在工作中，良好的印象是必须的。句中的先行词为work，在从句a good impression is must中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故D正确。

4．B

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。

点睛：本题考查定语从句。定语从句是高考重点考查知识之一，分析定语从句需抓住两点：1.找准先行词。2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。

5．B

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：洪灾过后，那个地区的人们正在受苦，为了生存，他们急需干净的水、药品和住所。将先行词people代入定语从句后为：people urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive，可知先行词在从句中作主语，所以排除C项；what不能引导定语从句，故排除D项；因为先行词为“人”，所以排除A项。故答案为B项。

6．C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：许多年轻人，其中大多数受过良好教育，前往偏远地区追逐梦想。本题中含有一个定语从句，先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。故C项正确。

7．D

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据报道，吸烟者人数仅（过去）一年就减少了17%。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。故选D项。考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。故选D项。

8．C

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句作定语，修饰名词purpose，所以用关系代词whose引导。故选C项。

9．B

【详解】考查定语从句。句意：世界银行的总裁说他对中国有种热情，他记得是早在童年就开始了。_______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是a passion，定语从句中remember后面缺少宾语，用which引导定语从句，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。

10．D

【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：新建的咖啡馆，周围的墙壁被涂成浅绿色，对我们确实是一个安静的地方，尤其是在辛苦工作之后。 先行词是café，后面是非限定性定语从句，walls 和 café是所属关系，咖啡屋的墙有三种表达方式：1.the 名词 +of which；2. of which +the +名词；3. whose .+名词，题干属于the 名词+of which结构，故选D。

11．A

【详解】本题考查定语从句。解题步骤：1. 确定关系词：先行词the Science Museum，which指代先行词在句中作visit的宾语，what不能引导定语从句，where在句中作状语，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。句意：在最近去英国的一次旅行中我们参观的那一家自然博物馆是伦敦的一个旅游景点。故选A。

12．A

【详解】本题考查介词和非限制性定语从句。解题步骤：1. 确定从句：which指代上面的句子He was educated at the local high school，that不用于非限制性定语从句。2. 确定介词：根据常识可知，高中之后才是大学，要用after。句意：他在当地的高中接受教育，然后他去了北京大学。故选A。

二、语法填空

（2024·山东·三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Yang Jiang was a well-known Chinese playwright, translator, and author. She belonged to     1     unique and beautiful existence in Chinese literature. She was the first Chinese academic     2    (translate) Miguel de Cervantes’ Spanish novel Don Quixote to Chinese and at that time, her translation     3     (honor) as the recreation of the original work      4     the basis of loyalty.

Yang was born into a rich family in 1911,     5    (original)named Yang Jikang. After eventually     6     (graduate) from Soochow University, she enrolled at the graduate school of Tsinghua University. She met her husband there, Qian Zhongshu, another acclaimed writer in China.

Other than translations, Yang     7     (author) many plays, novels, and essays during her writing career. Her short novel Mr. Wang,     8    (write) in 1984, was selected as an article in the textbook. In 1986, she got the Civil Order of Alfonso X the Wise, a famous Spanish civil order, for her     9     (achieve) in Don Quixote. Her bestseller was We Three in 2003,      10      sales exceeded 180,000 copies in two months. Yang passed away in 2016, at the age of 105.

【答案】

1．a    2．to translate    3．was honored    4．on    5．originally    6．graduating    7．authored    8．written    9．achievements    10．whose

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国著名的剧作家、翻译家和作家杨绛的生平。

1．考查冠词。句意：她属于中国文学中一个独特而美丽的存在。existence意为“存在”，是可数名词，此处表示泛指，需用不定冠词，unique是以辅音音素开头的单词，因此要用a。故填a。

2．考查动词不定式。句意：她是第一位将塞万提斯的西班牙语小说《唐吉诃德》翻译成中文的中国学者，在当时，她的翻译被誉为是在忠实的基础上对原作的再创造。分析句子可知，此处为the first…to do sth，意为“第一个做某事的……”，所以此处为动词不定式作后置定语。故填to translate。

3．考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：她是第一位将塞万提斯的西班牙语小说《唐吉诃德》翻译成中文的中国学者，在当时，她的翻译被誉为是在忠实的基础上对原作的再创造。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，根据时间状语at that time可知，本句应为一般过去时；又因主语translation和honor之间为被动关系，所以空处应为一般过去时的被动语态结构，translation在本句中看作单数，谓语动词为单数形式。故填was honored。

4．考查介词。句意：她是第一位将塞万提斯的西班牙语小说《唐吉诃德》翻译成中文的中国学者，在当时，她的翻译被誉为是在忠实的基础上对原作的再创造。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语on the basis of“在……的基础之上”。故填on。

5．考查副词。句意：杨绛，1911年出生在一个富裕的家庭，原名杨季康。由副词修饰动词可知，此处为副词originally作状语修饰动词name。故填originally。

6．考查动名词。句意：最终从苏州大学毕业后，她进入了清华大学研究生院。由空前After为介词以及提示词为动词可知，此处为动名词形式。故填graduating。

7．考查动词时态。句意：除了翻译作品，她还创作了许多戏剧、小说和散文。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，根据语境可知，此处为陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时。author编写，创造，此处为动词。故填authored。

8．考查非谓语动词。句意：1984年出版的短篇小说《老王》被选入教材。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰novel，novel和write为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。故填written。

9．考查名词。句意：1986年，由于她在《堂吉诃德》中的成就，她获得了西班牙著名的文艺勋章——智慧国王阿方索十世勋章。根据空前的for可知，此处为名词形式，又此处表示不止一个成就，因此用复数形式。故填achievements。

10．考查定语从句。句意：2003年，她的畅销书《我们仨》在两个月内销量超过18万册。分析句子可知，此处为关系词引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词We Three在从句中作sales的定语成分，用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。

 

三、完形填空

（2024·江苏南京·二模）Katherine would never forget the day when her daughter brought a plate from kindergarten, with a drawing of mouse-like creatures on it.

“Emma, what are these little characters? What do you     11     them?” Katherine said. “Mom, they’re my     12    . They come to children who are lonely or who were meant to have a     13     life,” Emma said. It     14     the unemployed 36-year-old mom’s heart during a time when she wasn’t feeling too good about her job     15    .

All this eventually     16     a new project for Katherine, unemployed for months—making a line of stuffed animals for sale based on her daughter’s     17    . “Every day, I would work on it,” she said. “Over time, it felt like this is what I really     18    .” In her basement, Katherine cut patterns, wrote storylines and     19     prototypes (原型样品) to turn “The Representatives” into dolls (玩偶).

Today she has four      20      doll prototypes and specific storylines to go with each main character. She hopes to     21      the dolls to parents going through hard times, or maybe those preparing to work overseas, leaving their      22      behind with relatives.

She said even if the dolls don’t      23     , she’s taught her daughter      24      to keep moving even in down times. It’s really a      25      for those unemployed right now, she said.

11．A．leave               B．call                        C．bring                      D．feed

12．A．representatives B．classmates              C．supporters               D．guides

13．A．longer             B．tougher                  C．better                     D．fairer

14．A．broke              B．closed                    C．touched                  D．won

15．A．descriptions     B．reports                   C．duties                     D．prospects

16．A．led to              B．referred to              C．adapted to               D．belonged to

17．A．memories        B．drawings                C．toys                       D．feelings

18．A．learned            B．imagined                C．wanted                   D．promised

19．A．tested              B．labeled                   C．copied                    D．sewed

20．A．advertised        B．completed              C．marked                   D．printed

21．A．return             B．donate                    C．market                   D．expose

22．A．kids                B．parents                   C．jobs                       D．stories

23．A．turn up            B．catch up                 C．break off                D．take off

24．A．on purpose      B．by example             C．at will                    D．in detail

25．A．tradition          B．dream                    C．wonder                   D．lesson

【答案】

11．B    12．A    13．C    14．C    15．D    16．A    17．B    18．C    19．D    20．B    21．C    22．A    23．D    24．B    25．D

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了失业的Katherine把女儿画里的动物做成玩偶，并为每个角色写了故事情节，希望将这些玩偶推销给那些正在经历困难的父母，或者那些准备离开孩子出国工作的父母，她找到了自己真正想做的事情。

11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你叫它们什么？A. leave离开；B. call称呼；C. bring带来；D. feed喂养。根据下文中的“Mom, they’re my　　2　　.”和“turn ‘The Representatives’ into dolls (玩偶)”可知，女儿说自己把这些小角色称为“代表”，所以Katherine是在询问女儿把它们称作什么。故选B。

12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：妈妈，它们是我的代表。A. representatives代表；B. classmates同班同学；C. supporters支持者；D. guides向导。根据下文中的“turn ‘The Representatives’ into dolls (玩偶)”可知，女儿把这些小角色称为“代表”。故选A。

13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们来找那些孤独的孩子，或者那些本想过上更好生活的孩子。A. longer更长的；B. tougher更艰苦的；C. better更好的；D. fairer更公平的。or前后连接的是并列成分，根据前面的“children who are lonely”和空前的“who were meant to have a”可知，这里表示那些孤独的孩子，或者那些本想过上更好生活的孩子。故选C。

14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这触动了这位36岁的失业母亲的心，当时她对自己的工作前景感觉不太好。A. broke打破；B. closed关闭；C. touched感动，触动；D. won赢得。根据空后的“the unemployed 36-year-old mom’s heart”可知，女儿的话触动了Katherine的心。故选C。

15．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. descriptions描述；B. reports报告；C. duties责任；D. prospects前景，前途。根据空前的“she wasn’t feeling too good about her job”可知，Katherine是一位失业母亲，她对自己的职业前景感觉不乐观。故选D。

16．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所有这些最终为失业数月的Katherine带来了一个新项目——根据她女儿的画制作一系列填充动物玩具出售。A. led to通向，导致；B. referred to提到；C. adapted to适应；D. belonged to属于。根据空前的“All this eventually”和空后的“a new project for Katherine”并结合语境可知，女儿画的小角色和说的话给了Katherine灵感，让她开启了一个新项目。故选A。

17．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. memories记忆；B. drawings图画；C. toys玩具；D. feelings感受。根据上文中的“with a drawing of mouse-like creatures on it”可知，这里是原词复现，指的是她女儿的画作。故选B。

18．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，我觉得这就是我真正想要的。A. learned学习；B. imagined想象；C. wanted想要；D. promised承诺。根据上文中的“Every day, I would work on it”可知，Katherine每天都致力于这件事，她慢慢发现这是自己真正想要做的事。故选C。

19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Katherine在她的地下室里剪图案、写故事情节、缝制原型，把“代表”变成玩偶。A. tested测试；B. labeled贴标签于；C. copied复制；D. sewed缝。根据句中的“cut patterns”和空后的“prototypes (原型样品)”可知，她自己缝玩偶的原型。故选D。

20．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如今，她有四个完成的玩偶原型和每个角色的具体故事情节。A. advertised做广告；B. completed完成；C. marked作标记；D. printed打印。根据上文中的“Katherine cut patterns, wrote storylines and　　9　　prototypes (原型样品) to turn ‘The Representatives’ into dolls (玩偶)”可知，Katherine 自己作玩偶原型，给每个角色写故事情节，现在她有了四个成品。故选B。

21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她希望将这些娃娃推向经历困难时期的父母，或者那些准备出国工作、把孩子留在亲戚家的父母。A. return返回；B. donate捐赠；C. market推销，促销；D. expose暴露。根据上文中的“making a line of stuffed animals for sale”可知，她制作玩偶是为了出售，她向将其推销给特定的父母。故选C。

22．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. kids孩子；B. parents父母；C. jobs工作；D. stories故事。those指代前文的parents，再结合空后的“behind with relatives”可知，这里指把准备出国工作的父母把孩子留给亲戚照顾。故选A。

23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：她说，即使玩偶不受欢迎，她也以身作则地教女儿即使在不开心的时候也要继续前进。A. turn up露面；B. catch up赶上；C. break off中断；D. take off突然大受欢迎。根据上文中的“making a line of stuffed animals for sale”可知，她做这些玩偶是为了出售，这里指的是即使玩偶不受欢迎。故选D。

24．考查介词短语辨析。句意参考上题。A. on purpose故意地；B. by example以身作则；C. at will任意；D. in detail详细地。根据空前的“she’s taught her daughter”可知，她以身作则地教女儿一些道理。故选B。

25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她说，这对那些现在失业的人来说真的是一个教训。A. tradition传统；B. dream梦想；C. wonder奇迹；D. lesson经验，教训。根据上文中的“she’s taught her daughter 　　14　　to keep moving even in down times”可知，她以身作则地教女儿即使在不开心的时候也要继续前进，这对现在失业的人来说是一个教训。故选D。

 

三、阅读理解

（2024·江苏·模拟预测）When we are faced with a crisis, or if we have an important decision to make, many of us fall into the trap of over-thinking. We may keep thinking about something constantly and too long.     26     How can we stop ourselves from over-thinking?

Doing something to distract yourself is a good idea. You can find working with your hands is especially good.     27     Your brain simply doesn’t have the resources to split itself into a third activity, for example over-thinking.

    28     Studies have shown that when someone views something in excitement and anxiety, the brain is forced to become stuck in the present because all of your senses are completely engaged. You do not have time to focus on something different, which can cause over-thinking.

Constant wishing, hoping and praying do not give you any relief. They just keep you stuck in one place. But taking the smallest step off the crisis really matters. It will set things in motion, making you like a snowball.     29   

The traps are things that cause your natural ability to react without you realizing that there is a connection between the two. Thus, avoiding relevant traps is also a good idea.     30     For example, if one of your colleagues is so negative that she always drags you down, stop hanging out with her by having lunch alone at a nearby restaurant.

A．This mindset tends to ruin our day.

B．Put simply, out of sight, out of mind.

C．Just as a saying goes, once bitten, twice shy.

D．You are really getting your brain working for you.

E．Other activities are the ones that arouse your curiosity.

F．It engages your movement skills and thinking process.

G．Thus, you will gradually move yourself out of the feeling.

【答案】26．A    27．F    28．E    29．G    30．B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。本篇主要讲了一些阻止我们过度思考的方法。

26．根据上文“We may keep thinking about something constantly and too long.(我们可能一直在想某件事，而且想得太久了)”和下文“How can we stop ourselves from over-thinking?(我们怎样才能阻止自己过度思考呢？)”可知空格前后都是关乎over-thinking 这种心态，所以选项说明过度思考的不良影响，故A选项“这种心态往往会毁了我们的一天”符合语境，故选A。

27．根据前文“You can find working with your hands is especially good.(你会发现用手干活特别好)”和后文“Your brain simply doesn’t have the resources to split itself into a third activity, for example over-thinking.(你的大脑没有足够的资源把自己分成第三个活动，比如过度思考)”可以推断这里填的是动手的两方面，故F选项“它涉及你的运动技能和思维过程”符合语境。故选F。

28．根据后文“Studies have shown that when someone views something in excitement and anxiety, the brain is forced to become stuck in the present because all of your senses are completely engaged. You do not have time to focus on something different, which can cause over-thinking.(研究表明，当一个人在兴奋和焦虑中看到某事时，大脑被迫陷入当下，因为你所有的感官都完全参与其中。你没有时间去关注不同的事情，这会导致过度思考)”可知，第三段整段，用兴奋、焦虑的态度看事情会抑制过度思考，兴奋对应E选项中的curiosity。且第二段doing something和E选项中的other对应上，故E选项“其他的活动会引起你的好奇心”符合语境。故选E。

29．根据上文“Constant wishing, hoping and praying do not give you any relief. They just keep you stuck in one place. But taking the smallest step off the crisis really matters. It will set things in motion, making you like a snowball.(不断的希望、希望和祈祷并没有给你任何解脱。他们只会把你困在一个地方。但在危机中迈出最小的一步真的很重要。它会让事情动起来，让你像个雪球)”可以推断把事情拆成小步骤， 然后一点点滚雪球式完成， 故G选项“因此，你会逐渐摆脱这种感觉”突出一个 gradually逐渐，符合语境。故选G。

30．根据前文“The traps are things that cause your natural ability to react without you realizing that there is a connection between the two. Thus, avoiding relevant traps is also a good idea.(陷阱是在你没有意识到这两者之间有联系的情况下，引起你的自然反应能力的事情。因此，避免相关的陷阱也是一个好主意)”和后文的例子远离负面情绪朋友，故B选项“眼不见心不烦”符合语境。故选B。

 

（2024·江苏·二模）In recent years, much of my life as a consumer has shifted to what I like to call background. As I’ve subscribed to more apps and streaming platforms, significant sums of my money tend to slip away each month without my ever thinking about it.

Think of it as an automated trade. Spending without the trouble of spending. Acquaint ion without action. Or thought.

But while this flood of subscriptions was sold to me on the condition that it would make my life more trouble-free, there was a certain shock I felt upon discovering how much I was spending without realizing each month ($179.45).

You see, the thing about background spending is that it tends to happen, well, in the background without your full attention. And there lies the point.

“Hand over your credit card details and let us take care of the rest,” these companies promote. But by again sing their name, we’ve become lazy, positive consumers. And this laziness breeds (导致) more laziness because most of us can’t be bothered with conducting regular reviews of our subscription spending. We’re too lazy to even notice or cancel it!

I know it’s not just me who is suddenly living life as a smart-braised subscriber. The average consumer spends $273 per month on subscriptions, according to a 2021 study of 2,500 by digital services firm West Morose. Not a single person surveyed knew what his actually monthly spending was.

It’s understandable why this model is so attractive to businesses. As companies questioned traditional advertising models, subscription offered the promise of “selling once and earning forever.” And while subscription services have been around for decades (think Wine of the Month Club), more customers have been willing to sign up thanks to the widespread availability of smartphones and the increasing ease of home delivery.

While these subscription promise ease and happiness, not all of us are satisfied. Last year, the Kameny Institute found 40 percent of consumer believe they have too many subscriptions. Almost half of us also think we pay too much for streaming video-on-demand subscriptions.

31．What can we know about background spending in paragraph 2?

A．Its purpose.      B．Its feature.              C．Its procedure.          D．Its requirement.

32．What makes it possible for background spending to happen?

A．Its attractive price.                               B．Some people’s poor habit.

C．Its secure service.                                D．Some people’s addiction to it.

33．Why is the subscription model appealing to businesses?

A．It offers good home delivery services.

B．It is like traditional advertising models.

C．It is popular among smartphone producers.

D．It brings repeated profits through a single sale.

34．What’s the author’s attitude towards background spending?

A．Supportive.      B．Doubtful.               C．Critical.                  D．Unclear.

【答案】31．B    32．B    33．D    34．C

【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过自己的亲身经历，揭示了订阅服务可能导致消费者在不知不觉中花费巨额资金，同时也指出了这种消费模式的便利性和潜在问题。

31．细节理解题。根据第二段“Think of it as an automated trade. Spending without the trouble of spending. Acquaint ion without action. Or thought.(将其视为自动化交易。不用麻烦地花钱。无需行动或思考的熟悉过程)”可知，作者是在描述背景支出的特征，即它是一种自动化的、不需要思考或行动的消费。故选B项。

32．细节理解题。根据第五段““Hand over your credit card details and let us take care of the rest,” these companies promote. But by again sing their name, we’ve become lazy, positive consumers. And this laziness breeds (导致) more laziness because most of us can’t be bothered with conducting regular reviews of our subscription spending. We’re too lazy to even notice or cancel it!(“交出你的信用卡信息，其他的交给我们来处理”，这些公司如此宣传。但一听到他们的名字，我们就变成了懒惰而积极的消费者。而这种懒惰会滋生更多的懒惰，因为我们大多数人都不想费心去定期检查我们的订阅支出。我们甚至懒得注意或取消订阅！)”以及第六段“Not a single person surveyed knew what his actually monthly spending was.(没有一个接受调查的人知道自己每月的实际支出是多少)”可知，可知，是有些人的坏习惯让后台支出成为可能。故选B项。

33．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It’s understandable why this model is so attractive to businesses. As companies questioned traditional advertising models, subscription offered the promise of “selling once and earning forever.” And while subscription services have been around for decades (think Wine of the Month Club), more customers have been willing to sign up thanks to the widespread availability of smartphones and the increasing ease of home delivery.(可以理解为什么这种模式对企业如此有吸引力。当公司质疑传统广告模式时，订阅提供了“一次销售，永远盈利”的承诺。虽然订阅服务已经存在了几十年(想想月度葡萄酒俱乐部吧)，但由于智能手机的普及和送货上门的日益便利，越来越多的客户愿意注册)”可知，因为订阅模式通过一次销售带来了重复的利润，所以对企业有吸引力。故选D项。

34．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While these subscription promise ease and happiness, not all of us are satisfied. Last year, the Kameny Institute found 40 percent of consumer believe they have too many subscriptions. Almost half of us also think we pay too much for streaming video-on-demand subscriptions.(虽然这些订阅承诺轻松和快乐，但并非所有人都满意。去年，卡米尼研究所发现，40%的消费者认为他们的订阅量太多了。近一半的人还认为，我们为流媒体视频点播订阅支付了太多费用)”可知，作者对背景支出持批评态度，认为消费者为此付出了太多, 而收效甚微。故选C项。