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非谓语动词
进门测试
(2024·山东泰安·三模)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
You can be happy even when you’re suffering from illness, but that doesn’t mean you should ignore the aspects of your health 1 are in your control. Exercise and sleep are particularly important when it comes 2 happiness.
Making exercise a regular habit isn’t just good for the body. It also has a 3 (power) effect on mental well-being. People who exercise regularly are happier across the board. Plus, they’re also less stressed, anxious, and 4 (depress).
It doesn’t really matter 5 kind of exercise you do, so long as you do it regularly. For the best results, aim for an hour of exercise at least five days a week. If you find something you enjoy, you’ll be more likely 6 (stick) to it. So don’t think you’re limited to 7 (go) to the gym. Find something that suits your lifestyle and preferences. If you’re having trouble thinking of activities you enjoy, think back to when you 8 (be) a kid. What sports or games did you like to play?
Also, getting quality sleep every night directly 9 (affect) your happiness, and emotional stability during the day. When you re lacking sleep, you’re much easier to stress. It’s harder to be productive, think creatively, and make wise 10 (decide). The average person needs at least 7.5 - 9 hours each night.
【答案】
1.that/which 2.to 3.powerful 4.depressed 5.what 6.to stick 7.going 8.were 9.affects 10.decisions
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了锻炼和睡眠对于幸福的重要性。
1.考查定语从句。句意:即使你生病了,你也可以很快乐,但这并不意味着你应该忽视你可以控制的健康方面。分析句子可知,空处应填关系代词引导定语从句,修饰先行词aspects,先行词为物,且关系词在从句中作主语,故用关系代词that或which。故填that或which。
2.考查介词。句意:当谈到幸福时,锻炼和睡眠尤为重要。when it comes to“当提到……的时候”为固定搭配。故填to。
3.考查形容词。句意:将锻炼变成一种常规习惯不仅对身体有益,它还对心理健康有着强大的积极影响。分析句子可知,空处应用形容词powerful“强大的”在句中作定语。故填powerful。
4.考查形容词。句意:此外,他们也较少感到压力、焦虑和抑郁。分析句子可知,空处应填名词depressed“抑郁的”在句中和stressed,anxious并列作表语。故填depressed。
5.考查主语从句。句意:你做什么样的运动其实并不重要,关键是要持之以恒。分析句子可知,句中it作形式主语,空处引导的从句作真正的主语,what引导主语从句,此处表示“什么样的运动”。故填what。
6.考查不定式。句意:如果你找到了你喜欢的东西,你就更有可能坚持下去。be likely to do“很可能做某事”为固定短语。故填to stick。
7.考查非谓语。句意:所以,不要以为你只局限于去健身房。介词to后接动词的动名词形式作宾语。故填going。
8.考查时态。句意:如果你难以想到自己喜欢的活动,回想一下你小时候的情况。描述事物过去的状态,应用一般过去时,you作主语,be用were。故填were。
9.考查时态。句意:此外,每晚获得高质量的睡眠会直接影响你白天的幸福感和情绪稳定性。描述现在的一般事实,应用一般现在时,单个动名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填affects。
10.考查名词。句意:工作效率会降低,创造性思维变得更加困难,也更难做出明智的决策。分析句子可知,空处应填名词decision“决定”作宾语,可数名词前没有任何限定词修饰,应用复数形式表示泛指。故填decisions。
一、知识脉络
二、知识精讲
一、动词不定式
1.动词不定式的时态和语态
时态 |
主动语态 |
被动语态 |
一般式 |
to do |
to be done |
进行式 |
to be doing |
/ |
完成式 |
to have done |
to have been done |
完成进行式 |
to have been doing |
/ |
2.动词不定式的句法功能
(1)作主语
|
To learn a foreign language well is very hard.=(It is very hard to learn a foreign language well.)学好一门外语很难。 |
(2)作表语 |
My goal is to be a scientist.我的目标就是当一名科学家。 |
(3)作宾语
|
I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉)shaking my set.(全国卷Ⅱ) 我确实开始通过摇晃电视练胳膊肌肉。 People love to talk about themselves.(2021·全国乙卷) 人们喜欢谈论他们自己。 I make it a rule to do shadowboxing every morning. 我养成了每天早上打太极拳的习惯。 I feel it necessary to keep an electronic dictionary at hand. 我感觉手头带着一部电子词典很有必要。 |
(4)作补足语
|
Parents want their children to develop fully.父母想让他们的孩子全面地发展。 We all expect you to come this weekend.我们都期望你这个周末来。 It's hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking.说服爸爸戒烟很难。 We imagine him to be a hero.我们认为他是一个英雄。 Did you see anyone enter the house?你看见有人进入这所房子吗? I heard my neighbour lock the door.我听见邻居把门锁上了。 Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman(手艺人)to teach us how to make dough figurines(面人).(北京卷写作) 上周二,我们班邀请一位老手艺人教我们怎样制作面人。 |
(5)作定语
|
She has a lot of work to do.她有很多工作要做。 She is a very nice person to work with.她是一个很好的工作伙伴。 He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award,(全国卷Ⅲ) 他是获得这个奖项的第一位中国人。 注意:如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。 The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. 那位老人正在找一个僻静的地方住。 |
(6)作状语
|
In order to finish the work in time, we work late into the night every day.(so as to不能位于句首) 为了能及时完成任务,我们每天都工作到深夜。 Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.(全国卷Ⅱ) 一些植物发出有味的化学物质来赶走昆虫。 Every day in our work,we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world,(全国卷Ⅲ) 每天,在我们的工作中我们被那些我们遇到的做非凡事情来改进世界的人所鼓舞。 I knew my lines,but I was terrified to have to recite them in front of an audience.(2021·全国乙卷) 我知道我的台词,但是我害怕在听众面前不得不背诵台词。 |
3.不定式的复合结构
不定式用for或of引出逻辑主语,带有逻辑主语的不定式称为不定式的复合结构。在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和状语等。
When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960,it was unusual for a woman to live in the for-est.
当她1960年第一次来到贡贝时,住进大森林对女性来说还是很稀罕的事。(作主语)
We think it impossible for her to learn a language in such a short time.
我们认为,对她来说在这么短的时间内学一门语言是不可能的。(作宾语)
It's time for people to protect all the living things in the sea.是人们保护所有海洋生物的时候了。(作定语)
I usually get up early in the morning in order for my children to go to school on time.
为了让孩子们按时上学,我通常早晨早起。(作目的状语)
4.动词不定式“to”的省略
动词不定式带不带to往往取决于句子中的谓语动词。除了在情态动词后面不定式必须省去to外,在下列情况下不定式也不带to:
(1)在使役动词后面:不定式在使役动词make,have,let后面作宾补时,to须省略。
I must have someone show me the way.我必须有人给我指路。
(2) 在感官动词后面:不定式在感官动词see(看),hear(听),watch(看),feel(感觉),notice(注意到),look at(看),
observe(观察),listen to(听)等之后作宾语补足语时,to须省略。
He felt his hands tremble.他觉得他的手在抖。
We have been listening to the radio tell along story.我们一直在听收音机讲一个长篇故事。
(3)在动词help之后
动词help之后的不定式可以有to也可以没有to。
Can you help me(to)move the sofa upstairs?你能帮忙把沙发搬到楼上吗?
Reviewing lessons helps(to)improve your performance on tests.复习功课有助于提高考试成绩。
(4)在介词but和except后面
在表示“除了”的介词but,except等词前面有do(did,done)时,这些词后面一般用不带to的不定式。但当前面动词不是do时,这些介词后的动词用何种形式,要根据前面动词的搭配来决定,一般跟to do比较多。
I missed the last bus.I could do nothing but stay in the village for the night.我误了最后一班车,只能留在这个村里过夜。
She did nothing else but cry all day.她终日只是哭泣。
He desired nothing except to go home.他只要求回家。
We had no choice but to turn back.除了往回走外,我们别无选择。
He thinks of nothing but doing more for the people.他只考虑为人民多做贡献。(本句受think of的影响,but后需用动词-ing形式)
(5)作表语时
如果:①主语是all+定语从句;②主语受only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰,后又有定语从句修饰;
③由what等引导的主语从句。
上述三种情况中的从句中或短语中有实意动词do时,作表语的不定式前可省略to。
All she does is gossip about others.她所做的一切就是说别人闲话。
The only thing I could do was do it alone.我唯一能做的就是自己干。
What we must do is reduce the use of energy and use natural energy.我们必须要做的是降低能源的使用量,尽量使用天然能源。
11.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习) (engage) myself in the local industrial atmosphere, I chose a hotel in the “industrial park”, where the coexistence of advanced manufacturing and natural beauty was most evident, as it was situated on the edge of a scenic lake, embraced by a vibrant landscape. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】To engage
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:为了融入当地的工业氛围,我选择了一家位于“工业园区”的酒店,在这里,先进的制造业与自然美景的共存最为明显,因为它坐落在风景秀丽的湖边,周围环绕着充满活力的景观。根据句意可知,此处应用动词不定式作目的状语,表示“为了”。句首字母大写,故填To engage。
12.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习)One agency, based in Woodbridge, is expected (receive) $1. 5 million. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to receive
【详解】考查不定式。句意:一家位于伍德布里奇(Woodbridge)的机构预计将获得150万美元。be expected to do sth.“被预计……”,用不定式作主语补足语,故填to receive。
13.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)To better understand the wildlife found here, Wildwatch Kenya seeks (identify) and track the giraffes in conservation field sites. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to identify
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:为了更好地了解这里的野生动物,肯尼亚野生观察组织试图识别和追踪保护区的长颈鹿。seek to do是固定搭配,意为“试图做某事”,用不定式作宾语。故填to identify。
14.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习)Eager to show their personalities to the world, young people find national identity a good way to distinguish themselves from others, and culture is the perfect medium (explain) why young people are passionate about traditional culture. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to explain
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:年轻人渴望向世界展示自己的个性,他们发现国家身份是区分自己和他人的好方法,而文化是解释为什么年轻人对传统文化充满热情的完美媒介。分析句子可知,此处用动词不定式作后置定语,修饰前面的名词medium。故填to explain。
二、过去分词
1.过去分词的构成及否定形式
过去分词的形式有规则和不规则之分。规则动词的过去分词和其过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词形式要逐一记忆(参见附录I不规则动词表)。过去分词也有双重性,既具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,又具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当表语、补足语、定语和状语。
(1)及物动词的过去分词,表示被动意义和动词动作的完成。
Confused by the new surroundings,I was hit by the lack of fresh air.新环境令我困惑,由于缺乏新鲜空气,我感到受不了。
Greatly encouraged,we made up our mind to go on with the training.由于受到了很大的鼓舞,我们决心继续训练下去。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词只表示动作的完成,不表示被动意义。
You could see fallen leaves everywhere in the fall.
在秋天你可以看见到处都是落叶。
The golden light will spread throughout all the happy world from the rays of the risen sun of socialism.
高高升起的社会主义红日射出的金色光芒,将照遍整个幸福的世界。
(3)过去分词的否定式由“not/never+过去分词”构成。
Not seriously injured,you just need a rest at home.伤势并不严重,你只需要在家休息一下就
2.过去分词的句法功能
用法 |
例句 |
(1)作表语 过去分词作表语,往往具有形容词的性质,常表示主语因外部原因而产生 某种状态。
|
In April,thousands ofholiday-makers remainedstuck abroad due to thevolcanic ash cloud. 在四月,数千名度假者由于火山灰被困在国外。 You will feel energized allday long.(全国卷Ⅱ) 你会一整天都感到精力充沛。 |
(2)作定语单个的过去分词作定语放在 被修饰词的前面,分词短语作 定语放在被修饰语的后面。
|
Before there was the written word,there was thelanguage of dance.(全国卷Ⅲ)在有书写文字之前,就有了舞蹈语言。 The meeting held last weekwas very important. 上周召开的会议很重要。 |
(3)作状语 过去分词在句中作状语,表示 时间、原因、让步、结果等。 |
United,we stand;divided,wefall.合则立,分必垮。(条件) Laughed at,the boy was upset.因为被嘲笑,这个男孩不高兴。(原因) |
(4)作宾语补足语
|
I have never heard thissong sung in English.我从来没有听到这首歌用英语唱过。 |
15.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)Citizen scientists are called to help researchers look through the tens of thousands of photos taken by cameras (place) in strategic spots throughout the sites. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】placed
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:公民科学家被呼吁帮助研究人员查看由放置在各个地点的重要位置的摄像机拍摄的数万张照片。“(place) in strategic spots”作后置定语,place(放置)是非谓语动词,与其逻辑主语cameras之间是被动关系,用过去分词表被动。故填placed。
16.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)She applied the classic patterns to her own modern designs in a creative way after conducting research into the variety of patterns (find) on the murals (壁画). (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】found
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:她对壁画上的各种图案进行了研究,并创造性地将这些经典图案运用到自己的现代设计中。分析句子结构可知find在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语patterns构成被动关系,故应用过去分词作定语。故填found。
17.(23-24高三上·福建·开学考试) (expose) to freezing weather, courageous tourists and scientists still choose to visit Antarctica. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】Exposed
【详解】考查过去分词。句意:尽管暴露在寒冷的天气中,勇敢的游客和科学家仍然选择去南极洲旅游。分析句子结构可知,此处应为非谓语动词作状语,expose与逻辑主语courageous tourists and scientists之间为被动关系,所以此处使用过去分词exposed,位于句首,首字母需大写。故填Exposed。
18.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)A smile shows you are attentive to the issues (discuss) while looking away with your arms (fold) can indicate disinterest and create distrust or friction. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】 being discussed folded
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:微笑表明你对正在讨论的问题很关注,而双臂交叉地望向别处则表示不感兴趣,并产生不信任或摩擦。空1修饰名词issues作定语,表示正在进行的动作,并且和名词之间是被动关系,应用现在分词的被动语态;空2为with的宾语补足语,和名词your arms之间是被动关系,应用过去分词。故填①being discussed;②folded。
三、动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由动词原形加-ing构成,包括现在分词和动名词。可以在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语和定语。
功能
|
例句
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1.作主语
|
Returning to a book you've readmany times can feel like drinkswith an old friend.(全国卷I) 重新看读过多遍的书感觉就像和老朋友饮酒。 Solving the safety problem wellenough to move forward in Al seems to be possible but noteasy.(北京卷·阅读D) 解决人工智能足够安全的向前发展似乎可能但不容易。 It's no use arguing with him.跟他争论没用。 |
2.作表语
|
This food smells inviting.这种食物香味怡人。 My favorite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。 |
3.作宾语
|
It's quite hot today.Do you feellike going for a swim? 今天天相当热。你想去游泳吗? I'm looking forward to hearingfrom you soon. 我期望不久收到你的来信。 The desk needs repairing.=The desk needs to be repaired. 桌子需要修理。 He never stopped working,never retired.(2021·浙江卷)他从没有停止工作,从来没退休。 By providing long —distancecommunication and energy,electricity created the modemworld.(2022·浙江卷) 通过长距离的传输能量,电创造了现代世界。 |
4.作宾语补足语
|
There we found him watchingTV. 我们发现他在那儿看电视。 I heard someone knocking at thedoor. 我听见有人在敲门。 As I approached mile 23,I couldsee my wife waving asign.(北京卷)当我接近23英里时,我能看到妻子正拿着标牌在晃动。 This sets me thinking.这使我思考。 |
5.作状语
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Coming into the room,she saweverybody already at theirwork.进屋以后,她看到人人都在工作。(时间) Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner,these little creatures have survived on Earth formore than 140 million years,farlonger than dinosaurs. 因为这些小生物行为无私并勇于奉献,他们在地球上已生存一亿四千万年了,远长于恐龙。(原因) Working diligently,you will certainly succeed.只要刻苦学习,你会成功的。(条件) Granting the achievements to begreat,there is still something tobe desired.(尽管)成绩是巨大的,(但)仍有一些要求改进的东西。(让步) My car was caught in a trafficjam,thus causing the delay.我的车被交通拥挤堵住,所以延误了。(结果) Traveling by train,we visited anumber of cities. 我们坐火车访问了好多城市。(方式) Mary sat by the window of theclassroom,reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁,正在读一本书。(伴随) We all grew up hearing peopletell us to“go out and get somefresh air.”(全国卷I)我们都是听着人们告诉我们“去外面获取一些新鲜空气”而成长的。 |
6.作定语
|
a smiling face笑脸 a leading figure领导人物 动词的-ing形式还能构成合成 词作定语。 如:an easy-goingman好说话的人 She went on board the trainleaving for Shanghai. =She went on board the train,which was leaving for Shanghai.她坐上了去上海的火车。 There are two roads before us,one leading to the beach,theother to the park. =There are two roads beforeus,one which leads to thebeach,the other to the park. 在我们面前有两条路:一条通向海滩,另一条通向公园。 |
19.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)I learned this while (take) care of a seagull unfortunate enough to swallow a hook. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】taking
【详解】考查状语从句中的省略。句意:我学到以上这些是在我照看一只不够走运吞了挂钩的海鸥期间。while引导从句的主语与主句主语一致,为I,I与take care of之间为主动关系,还原完整的主谓结构应为“while I was taking care of …”, 从句中主语与be动词可以省略,其省略形式为“while taking care of…”。故填taking。
20.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习)Thanks to the animal cells, this new pink rice could one day become a complete meal by itself, (guarantee) a sufficient, sustainable food supply for the whole world. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】guaranteeing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:由于含有动物细胞,这种新型粉色大米有朝一日可能会成为一顿完整的饭菜,为全球提供充足、可持续的食物供应。非谓语动词担当状语,指的是主句一句话所导致的自然而然的结果,用现在分词形式。故填guaranteeing。
21.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习)They’re exceptional examples of a building tradition and function (represent) a particular type of group living and defensive organization in a harmonious relationship with their environment. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】representing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:它们是建筑传统和功能的特殊例子,代表了一种特定类型的群体生活和防御组织,与他们的环境保持着和谐的关系。分析句子结构可知,此处使用非谓语动词,a building tradition and function与represent“代表”之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,用现在分词表示主动,作后置定语。故填representing。
四、独立结构和with复合结构
(一)独立结构
独立结构(Absolute Structure)又称独立主格结构,是由“名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。独立主格结构中的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,要独立存在。名词或代词为分词、不定式、形容词、副词等的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中通常作状语,表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随动作等,多用于书面语中。以下为不同形式的独立主格结构的构成和用法。
1.名词/代词十现在分词
名词/代词与动词之间多是主动关系。
例如:Mary coming back,they discussed it together.玛丽回来后,他们一起讨论了那件事。
These women having produced works ofthe highest quality,any survey of the 19thcentury English literature must include them.由于这些女作家创作了具有最高水准的作品,任何关于19世纪英国文学的研究都必须包括她们。
一句多译:如果天气允许的话,我们就去游泳。
①If weather permits,we will go swimming.
②Weather permitting,we will go swimming.
2.名词/代词十过去分词
名词/代词与动词之间是被动关系。例如:
Everyone went,me included.大家都去了,我也去了。
He lay on his back,his hands crossed under his head.他仰卧着,双手交叉枕在头下。
3.名词/代词+不定式
名词/代词与动词之间是主动或被动关系,强调的是将来的动作或状态。例如:
Lots of homework to do,the little boyhad to stay home all day.
由于有很多家庭作业要做,小男孩只好一整天待在家里。
No house to live in,the beggar had tosleep in the cave.没房子住,那个乞丐只好睡在洞穴里。
4.名词/代词+形容词
这种结构可以看作形容词前省略了being。
例如:His stomach empty,he looked for something to eat when he came back.
饥肠辘辘,他一回来就找东西吃。
The boy realized he had made a mistake,his face red with shame.那个男孩意识到自己犯了错误,他的脸因羞愧而通红。
5.名词/代词+副词
这种结构可以看作副词前省略了being。例如:
Class over,the students rushed out of theclassroom.一下课,学生们就冲出了教室。
He pulled on his socks in a hurry,wrongside out.他匆忙中竟将袜子穿反了。
6.名词/代词十介词短语
这种结构可以看作介词前省略了being。例如;
He came out of the library,a thick dictionary under his arm.他夹着本厚词典,走出了图书馆。
Nearly 100 million people live here,mostof them in the east.
有近一亿人生活在这里,其中大多数住在东部。
Many guests came to her birthday party,a few of them from Australia.
很多客人参加了她的生日宴会,其中有几个来自澳大利亚。
22.(23-24高三上·福建·期末)Weather (permit), the Whites will have a picnic by the seaside this weekend.(所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】permitting
【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意:如果天气允许,怀特夫妇本周末将在海边野餐。分析句子结构可知,逗号前面部分是独立主格结构,在句中做状语,weather与动词permit“允许”是主动关系,应该用现在分词。故填permitting。
23.(23-24高三上·广东湛江·阶段练习)Many people come to visit the Great Wall every year, many of them (be) foreigners. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】being
【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意:每年都有许多人来参观长城,其中许多是外国人。分析句子结构可知,come为句子谓语,故本空用非谓语动词,且逻辑主语many of them和be为主动关系,故用being,many of them being foreigners为独立主格结构。故填being。
24.(22-23高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习)The classrooms are well-equipped, some (measure) 4 meters by 6 meters. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】measuring
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:教室设备齐全,有些教室宽4米,长6米。分析句子结构,逗号前后没有连接词连接,且前后部分的逻辑主语不同,所以空处应用非谓语动词,构成独立主格结构。逻辑主语some和measure“量度为”之间是主谓关系,所以应用现在分词的一般式。故填measuring。
(二)with的复合结构
with复合结构即“with+复合宾语”结构,是一种常见结构,几乎所有的独立主格结构都可在名词/代词前加with。with复合结构除了作状语外,还可作定语。以下为不同形式的with复合结构的构成和用法。
这种结构主要有以下几种情况:
(1)with/without+名词/代词+形容词
With the door open,the noise of the ma-
chine is almost deafening.由于门开着,机器的噪音几乎震耳欲聋。(原因状语)
(2)with/without+名词/代词+副词With her sister out,she had to stay at
home alone.因为她的姐姐出去了,她只得独自待在家里。(原因状语)
The little boy sat in front of the house,with his shoes off.
这个小男孩坐在房子前面,没有穿鞋。(伴随状语)
(3)with/without+名词/代词十介词短语With so much information on the Inter-net,it really takes time to search for what we need.
因特网上有这么多信息,要找到我们需要的信息真的需要花些时间。(原因状语)
The old man,with thick glasses on his nose,is a pianist.这位戴深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。(定语)
(4)with/without+名词/代词+不定式
With the boy to lead the way,we will find the cave easily tomorrow.如果有那个男孩带路,我们明天会很容易地找到山洞。(条件状语)
With so much work to do,I cannot spare a minute.
有这么多工作要做,我一分钟也抽不出来。(原因状语)
(5)with/without+名词/代词+现在分词
Without anyone noticing,I stole into the room.没有人注意,我偷偷地溜进了屋子。(伴随状语)
With so many children talking and laughing,I couldn't settle down to my work.
这么多孩子又说又笑,我不能静下心工作。(原因状语)
(6)with/without+名词/代词+过去分词
The boy was crying with the toy broken.玩具坏了,那个男孩正在哭。(原因状语)
You should go to sleep with the light turned off.你应该把灯熄了再去睡觉。(伴随状语)
25.(23-24高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习)From then on, I walked to school with my head (hold) high and back straight. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】held
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:从那时起,我昂首挺胸走路上学。分析句子可知,此处为with的复合结构,其中的动词为非谓语形式,head和hold为被动关系,所以为过去分词形式。故填held。
26.(23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习)With the Arts Festival (approach), more than 50 shows (select)from all over the country will be performed in the theaters. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】 approaching selected
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:随着艺术节的临近,从全国各地挑选的50多部剧目将在剧院上演。分析句子可知,空一部分为with复合结构作状语,approach与the Arts Festival是主动关系,用现在分词作宾语补足语;第二空elect作定语修饰shows,二者之间是被动关系,用过去分词作定语,故填approaching;selected。
真题回顾
一、单项选择
1.(23-24高三下·天津南开·阶段练习)The forbidden city is believed ________ in the Ming dynasty over 600 years ago.
A.to have been built B.to have built
C.being built D.built
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词不定式。句意:紫禁城被认为建于600多年前的明朝。be believed to do sth.意为“被认为做某事”,动词与句子的逻辑主语The forbidden city为动宾关系,所以需要使用被动语态,且动词不定式的动作发生在is believed之前,所以需要使用动词不定式的完成时。故选A。
2.(23-24高三下·天津南开·阶段练习)________ on the first Friday of October, World’s Smile Day is established for the spreading of simple joy and love to everyone.
A.Being celebrated B.Celebrating
C.Celebrated D.Having celebrated
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:每年10月的第一个星期五是世界微笑日,它的设立是为了向每个人传播简单的快乐和爱。分析句子结构可知,句子中已经有谓语动词,因此需要填入非谓语动词,动词celebrate与逻辑主语World’s Smile Day之间为动宾关系,因此需要使用过去分词表示被动。故选C。
3.(2024·天津·二模)A fisherman claimed to have witnessed a giant sea turtle this morning _______ almost two meters long.
A.measured B.having measured C.measuring D.to be measured
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:一位渔民声称今天早上看到了一只将近两米长的巨型海龟。本句谓语为claimed,此处为非谓语动词,且turtle与measure“(指尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为”为主动关系,应用现在分词,作定语。having measured强调测量的动作已完成,不符合题意,故排除。故选C。
4.(23-24高三下·广东东莞·开学考试)While accustomed to climbing the steep mountain, this time he found it tough for him to do so, for the difficulty he had ________ was beyond his anticipation.
A.to breathe B.breathing C.breathes D.breathed
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:虽然他习惯了爬陡峭的山,但这次他发现很难,因为他呼吸的困难超出了他的预料。此处为固定用法have difficulty (in) doing sth.,difficulty置于前面,应用breathing。故选B。
5.(23-24高三上·陕西西安·期末)Usually at the beginning of school, the noise of desks ______ and closed could be heard in the street.
A.opened B.being opened C.opening D.to be opened
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:通常开始上课的时候,教室外面可以听到课桌打开和关上的声音。分析句子结构,could be heard为谓语动词,设空处需填非谓语动词与desks构成动名词复合结构作宾语,且open和close与desk是动宾关系,需用被动语态being done。故选B。
二、语法填空
6.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习)Earthen houses are made of earth, stone, bamboo and wood, all readily available materials which are used (form) walls up to 6 feet thick. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to form
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:土屋是由泥土、石头、竹子和木头制成的,所有这些材料都是现成的,用来建造高达6英尺厚的墙壁。sth. be used to do表示“某物被用来做”,应用form“构成,形成”的不定式形式,作目的状语。故填to form。
7.(23-24高三上·福建·开学考试)The medicine has proved somewhat effective, but further testing remains (conduct). (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to be conducted
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:这种药物已被证明有一定的疗效,但进一步的测试仍有待进行。本句谓语为remains,此处为非谓语动词,testing与conduct“进行,组织,实施”为被动关系,remain to be done“仍有待完成”,应用不定式的被动形式。故填to be conducted。
8.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)For example, there is China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which motivates many countries along the Silk Road (cooperate) more closely. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to cooperate
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:例如,中国提出的“一带一路”倡议,推动丝绸之路沿线许多国家加强合作。此处为motivate sb. to do sth.表示“推动某人做某事”。故填to cooperate。
9.(23-24高三上·福建·期末)The education program (aim) at combining brain work with manual labor is being widely spread throughout the country. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】aimed
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:旨在将脑力劳动与体力劳动结合起来的教育计划正在全国广泛推行。分析句子结构可知aim与逻辑主语program构成被动关系,故用过去分词作定语。故填aimed。
10.(2024高三下·全国·专题练习)As the new immigrants gain financial independence and a greater knowledge of the surrounding city, they may choose (stay) close to known friends and neighbors for comfort. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to stay
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:随着新移民在经济上获得独立,对周围城市有了更多的了解,他们可能会选择与熟悉的朋友和邻居住在一起,以寻求安慰。choose to do sth.“选择做某事”是固定搭配,不定式作宾语。故填to stay。
三、完形填空
(2024·江苏·二模)Glen Edwards became a hero when he rescued a construction worker trapped on top of a 160-meter-high building.
As a crane (吊车) 11 working on a construction site, Edwards 12 found himself in a life-saving mission when a fire broke out. He recalled how he 13 the trapped worker from his crane’s cabin (驾驶舱), and how he came up with the idea of saving the man by lowerin a cage to him to let him 14 .
However, his attempt to 15 the cage before the man was by no means an easy job, as each post (弹) of wind prevented to throw his crane off balance. Besides, the smoke and flames also added to the difficulty. 16 the great challenges, Edwards refused to give up and fought to 17 control. Luckily, someone on the ground offered 18 on where to land the cage through a radio. Edwards 19 the crane’s movements, inch by inch, until the cage hanged (盘旋) just inches from the edge of the 20 . With determination, Edwards successfully landed the cage.
Eventually, Edwards watched the cage 21 the man away from the horrible fire below and lowering him to safety. The crowd 22 a big round of applause, a tribute (致敬) to the courage and skill 23 by Edwards. He knew that his quick thinking and strong 24 had made all the difference between life and death in the face of disaster.
A GoFundMe page has now been set up to raise money for him —— with organizers 25 people to “buy Glen a beer” for his life-saving efforts.
11.A.engineer B.operator C.cleaner D.salesman
12.A.regularly B.unfortunately C.intentionally D.unexpectedly
13.A.helped B.spotted C.realized D.guided
14.A.escape B.hide C.walk D.slide
15.A.clean B.cover C.position D.open
16.A.Despite B.Without C.For D.From
17.A.switch B.maintain C.lose D.give
18.A.instructions B.problems C.explanations D.courses
19.A.quickened B.described C.adjusted D.repeated
20.A.door B.garden C.crane D.roof
21.A.persuading B.lifting C.warning D.dragging
22.A.went through B.put on C.asked for D.broke into
23.A.displayed B.admitted C.exchanged D.required
24.A.preference B.response C.emotion D.determination
25.A.choosing B.encouraging C.ordering D.teaching
【答案】
11.B 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D 21.B 22.D 23.A 24.D 25.B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一名起重机操作员Glen Edwards在一次建筑工地火灾中英勇救援一名被困工人的事迹,描述了他的救援过程和所面临的困难,以及他成功救出被困工人的结果。
11.考查名词词义辨析。句意:作为一名在建筑工地工作的起重机操作员,当一场火灾发生时,Edwards意外地发现自己正在执行一项拯救生命的任务。A. engineer工程师;B. operator操作人员;C. cleaner清洁工;D. salesman推销员。根据后文“working on a construction site”可知,Edwards在建筑工地工作,所以应是起重机操作员。故选B项。
12.考查副词词义辨析。句意:作为一名在建筑工地工作的起重机操作员,当一场火灾发生时,Edwards意外地发现自己正在执行一项拯救生命的任务。A. regularly经常;B. unfortunately不幸地;C. intentionally故意;D. unexpectedly意外地。根据后文“found himself in a life-saving mission when a fire broke out”可知,Edwards本是一名在建筑工地工作的起重机操作员,确发现自己正在执行一项拯救生命的任务,所以应是意外地。故选D项。
13.考查动词词义辨析。句意:他回忆起他是如何从吊车的船舱里发现被困工人的,以及他是如何想出救他的主意的,他把一个笼子放下来让他逃跑。A. helped帮助;B. spotted发现;C. realized认识到;D. guided指导。根据后文“the trapped worker from his crane’s cabin”可知,从吊车的船舱里应是发现被困工人。故选B项。
14.考查动词词义辨析。句意:他回忆起他是如何从吊车的船舱里发现被困工人的,以及他是如何想出救他的主意的,他把一个笼子放下来让他逃跑。A. escape逃跑;B. hide隐藏;C. walk步行;D. slide滑动。根据前文“how he came up with the idea of saving the man”可知,Edwards救了被困的工人,所以应是把一个笼子放下来让他逃出火场。故选A项。
15.考查动词词义辨析。句意:然而,他想在那个男人面前把笼子摆放到位的尝试绝非易事,因为每一阵风都会把他的起重机吹得失去平衡。A. clean打扫;B. cover覆盖;C. position安置,使处于;D. open打开。根据后文“as each post (弹) of wind prevented to throw his crane off balance. Besides, the smoke and flames also added to the difficulty”可知,风会让起重机失去平衡,在加上烟雾和火焰让视野不好,所以应是把笼子摆放到位的尝试绝非易事。故选C项。
16.考查介词词义辨析。句意:尽管面临巨大的挑战,Edwards拒绝放弃,并为保持控制权而斗争。A. Despite尽管;B. Without没有;C. For为了;D. From来自。根据后文“the great challenges, Edwards refused to give up”可知,此处表达“虽然,尽管”之意,用Despite引导让步状语。故选A项。
17.考查动词词义辨析。句意:尽管面临巨大的挑战,Edwards拒绝放弃,并为保持控制权而斗争。A. switch转换;B. maintain保持;C. lose失去;D. give给。根据前文“However, his attempt to 5 the cage before the man was by no means an easy job”以及“Edwards refused to give up”可知,他想在那个男人面前把笼子摆放到位的尝试绝非易事,但是Edwards不想放弃,所以是为保持控制权而斗争。故选B项。
18.考查名词词义辨析。句意:幸运的是,地面上有人通过无线电指示在哪里降落笼子。A. instructions指示;B. problems问题;C. explanations解释;D. courses课程。根据后文“on where to land the cage through a radio”可知,通过无线电,应是指示在哪里降落笼子。故选A项。
19.考查动词词义辨析。句意:Edwards一寸一寸地调整起重机的动作,直到笼子悬挂在离屋顶边缘只有几英寸的地方。A. quickened加快;B. described描述;C. adjusted调整;D. repeated重复。根据后文“inch by inch, until the cage hanged (盘旋) just inches from the edge of the 10 .”可知,应是Edwards一寸一寸地调整起重机的动作。故选C项。
20.考查名词词义辨析。句意:Edwards一寸一寸地调整起重机的动作,直到笼子悬挂在离屋顶边缘只有几英寸的地方。A. door门;B. garden花园;C. crane起重机;D. roof屋顶。根据前文“Glen Edwards became a hero when he rescued a construction worker trapped on top of a 160-meter-high building.”可知,工人被困在楼顶,所以应是笼子悬挂在离屋顶边缘只有几英寸的地方。故选D项。
21.考查动词词义辨析。句意:最后,Edwards看着笼子把这个人从下面可怕的大火中抬了出来,把他送到了安全的地方。A. persuading说服;B. lifting吊起;C. warning警告;D. dragging拖。根据前文“Edwards 9 the crane’s movements, inch by inch, until the cage hanged (盘旋) just inches from the edge of the 10 .”可知,Edwards用起重机把笼子悬挂在离屋顶边缘只有几英寸的地方,所以,应是看着笼子把这个人从下面可怕的大火中抬了出来。故选B项。
22.考查动词短语辨析。句意:人群中爆发出一阵热烈的掌声,这是对Edwards表现出的勇气和技巧的赞扬。A. went through通过;B. put on穿上;C. asked for请求;D. broke into突然开始做(某事)。根据后文“a tribute (致敬) to the courage and skill 13 by Edwards.”可知,人们对Edwards致敬,所以应是爆发热烈的掌声。故选D项。
23.考查动词词义辨析。句意:人群中爆发出一阵热烈的掌声,这是对Edwards表现出的勇气和技巧的赞扬。A. displayed显示;B. admitted承认;C. exchanged交换;D. required需要。根据前文“a tribute (致敬) to the courage and skill”可知,应是对Edwards表现出的勇气和技巧的赞扬。故选A项。
24.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他知道,在面对灾难时,正是他敏捷的思维和坚定的决心在生死之间起到了决定性的作用。A. preference偏爱;B. response响应;C. emotion情感;D. determination决心。根据前文“He knew that his quick thinking and”可知,空处应和前文的thinking对应,结合选项,应是他敏捷的思维和坚定的决心符合语境。故选D项。
25.考查动词词义辨析。句意:组织者鼓励人们“请Glen喝杯啤酒”,以感谢他的救命之恩,现在已经建立了一个GoFundMe页面为他筹集资金。A. choosing选择;B. encouraging鼓励;C. ordering命令;D. teaching教育。根据前文“A GoFundMe page has now been set up to raise money for him”可知,组织者建立了一个GoFundMe页面为他筹集资金,所以是鼓励人们“请Glen喝杯啤酒”。故选B项。