情态动词

进门测试

（2024·安徽淮北·一模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

    25     (construct) from the 5th century BC, the Grand Canal was a means of communication for the Empire for the first time in the Sui Dynasty.

Before foundation of Sui Dynasty, China had     26     (continuous) evacuated several canals,     27     had been suspended due to natural environment. Some needed to be repaired but were still navigable, but were too separated from each other to form large-scale water transport nationwide.

The establishment of Sui Dynasty     28     (declare) the end of long-lasting split situation. In 605 AD, Emperor Yang Guang, the     29     (two) emperor of Sui Dynasty, ordered excavation of the Grand Canal to meet the political,     30     (economy) and military needs of unified nation.

The Grand Canal reached a new peak in the Yuan Dynasty (13th century), providing a unified inland navigation network consisting     31     more than 2,000 km of artificial waterways, linking five of the most important river basins in China,     32     (include) the Yellow River and the Yangtze.

As     33     major means of internal communication today, it has played an important role in ensuring the prosperity and      34      (stable) of China over the ages.

【答案】

25．Constructed    26．continuously    27．which    28．declared    29．second    30．economic    31．of    32．including    33．a    34．stability

【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了大运河的地理位置和历史背景，然后阐述了它作为人类历史上最伟大的水利工程之一的意义和价值，最后强调了它对中国的经济繁荣和稳定所起的重要作用。

25．考查非谓语动词。句意：它从公元前5世纪建造，大运河在隋朝第一次成为这个帝国的交通工具。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词was，所以construct用非谓语形式，和逻辑主语the Grand Canal之间是被动关系，用过去分词表被动，位于句首首字母应大写。故填Constructed。

26．考查副词。句意：隋朝建立之前，中国曾连续开挖了几条沟渠，这些沟渠因自然环境变化而终止。修饰动词用副词作状语，故填continuously。

27．考查定语从句。句意同上。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词canals，从句中作主语，引导非限制性定语从句用关系代词which，故填which。

28．考查动词时态。句意：隋朝的创建宣布了长期分裂局面的结束。declare作谓语，描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时，故填declared。

29．考查数词。句意：公元605年，隋朝第二位皇帝杨广下令开凿大运河，以满足统一国家的政治、经济和军事需要。定冠词修饰序数词，作定语，故填second。

30．考查形容词。句意同上。修饰名词needs，与political，military并列作定语，用形容词economic，表示“经济的”，故填economic。

31．考查固定短语。句意：大运河在元朝(13世纪)达到了一个新的高峰，提供了一个由2000多公里人工水道组成的统一的内陆航行网络，连接了中国五个最重要的河流流域，包括黄河和长江。consist of“由……组成”固定短语，故填of。

32．考查介词。句意：大运河在元朝(13世纪)达到了一个新的高峰，提供了一个由2000多公里人工水道组成的统一的内陆航行网络，连接了中国五个最重要的河流流域，包括黄河和长江。空后是名词，故填介词including“包括”构成介词短语，作状语，故填including。

33．考查冠词。句意：作为当今国内交流的主要手段，它在确保中国历代繁荣稳定方面发挥了重要作用。means“手段”，可数名词，此处泛指“一种主要的手段”，应用不定冠词来修饰，且major发音是以辅音音素开头，应用a，故填a。

34．考查名词。作为当今国内交流的主要手段，它在确保中国历代繁荣稳定方面发挥了重要作用。此处用名词形式与prosperity并列作宾语，stable的名词形式stability，不可数名词，故填stability。

一、知识脉络

二、知识精讲

一、情态动词的基本用法

1.can和could

 

1．（2023·湖南株洲·模拟预测）—_________  you come with me to Lang Lang’s piano concert this evening?

—I’d love to, but I have to study for my math test.

A．Should              B．May                       C．Must                      D．Can

【答案】D

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：一一今晚你可以跟我去听郎朗的钢琴演奏会吗？——我很想去，但我不得不为我的数学测试而学习。A. Should应该；B. May可能；C. Must必须，一定；D. Can可能，可以。结合语意可知，空处表示请求、许可，情态动词may和can都可表示请求、许可，但may用在一般疑问句中表示请求、许可时，其主语常用第一人称。故选D。

2．（2022高三下·全国·专题练习）I asked in the bookshop about Will Dutton’s latest book, but all they tell me was that it would come out before the end of the year.

A．might                B．must                      C．could                     D．should

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：我在书店询问威尔·达顿的新书，但他们只能告诉我，这本书将在今年年底前出版。A. might也许；B. must必须；C. could能够；D. should应该。根据“I asked in the bookshop about Will Dutton’s latest book,”可知，书店店员只能告诉这本书将在今年年底前出版。故选C。

3．（2024·天津河北·一模）—The test is very important to us. Do you think so?

—Yes, so we ________ be too careful during the test.

A．mustn’t             B．daren’t                   C．needn’t                   D．can’t

【答案】D

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——考试对我们来说非常重要。你认为是吗?——是的，所以我们在考试时再认真都不为过。A.must't禁止；B.daren't不敢； C.neednt不必；D.can't不能。分析结构可知这向话使用“can't be too+形容词”的句型，意为“再……都不为过”。故选D。

 

2.may和might

 

1．（2024高二下·河南南阳·专题练习）If you think the price of beef is too high, you  as well buy some pork. It depends on you! (用适当的词填空)

【答案】may

【详解】考查情态动词may的用法。句意：如果你觉得牛肉的价格太高，你也可以买一些猪肉。这取决于你！在这里，may as well表示“也可以，不妨”。句子中提到“如果你觉得牛肉的价格太高”，随后给出了一个建议，即“你也可以买一些猪肉”。may as well用于提出建议或选择，表示除了某种选择外，还有另一种选择也是可行的。这种用法表达了说话者对于选择的开放性或建议的温和性。故答案是may。

2．（2024高二下·河南南阳·专题练习）Our holidays were ruined by the weather, we  just as well have stayed at home! (用适当的词填空)

【答案】might

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我们的假期被天气给毁了，我们还不如呆在家里呢！由Our holidays were ruined by the weather和stayed at home可知，句子表示“我们的假期被天气给毁了，我们还不如呆在家里呢”，might as well是固定短语，意为“最好，不妨，还不如”，因此空格处是might。故填might。

3．（2022高三下·全国·专题练习）We have different opinions in organizing class activities,but we can discuss together to make them better.(用适当的词填空)

【答案】may

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我们在组织班级活动方面可以有不同的意见，但是我们可以一起讨论使活动变得更好。分析句子结构可知，此处应为情态动词表推测的用法，结合句意可知，该句表示的是对现在情况不确定性的一种推测，所以使用“may+动词原形”结构。故填may。

 

3.must和have to

 

1．（2024·天津·一模）Look, double yellow lines! You  park here.

A．wouldn’t           B．mustn’t                  C．needn’t                   D．daren’t

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：看，双黄线！你禁止在这里停车。A. wouldn’t不会；B. mustn’t禁止；C. needn’t不需要；D. daren’t不敢。由“double yellow lines”可知，句子表示“你禁止在这里停车”，空格处表示“禁止”，故选B。

2．（2023·湖南株洲·模拟预测）This toy ________be Amy’s. She is the only kid at the picnic.

A．can                   B．must                      C．need                       D．can’t

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：这个玩具一定是艾米的。她是野餐中唯一的孩子。A. can可能；B. must必须，一定，肯定能够；C. need需要；D. can’t不可能。根据语法知识，情态动词must表示语气最强的推测，根据空后的“She is the only kid at the picnic.”可知，这个玩具一定是艾米的，故用must表肯定推测。故选B。

3．（2022高三下·全国·专题练习）The school has made it a rule that students  not use mobile phones in class. (用适当的词填空)

【答案】must

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：学校规定，学生禁止在课堂中使用手机。结合句意可知，学校已经明确规定；结合生活常识可知，学生在上课过程中应该是“禁止”使用手机。表示“禁止”为情态动词mustn’t。故填must。

 

4.should,shall,ought to

 

1．（23-24高三上·天津和平·阶段练习）—When can I come for the computer? I need it next Tuesday.

—It________ be repaired by next Monday afternoon.

A．can                   B．need                      C．should                    D．might

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：——我什么时候可以来取电脑？我下周二需要。——它应该在下周一下午之前修好。根据“When can I come for the computer? I need it next Tuesday.”可知，此处是指承诺、保证，所以应用should。故选C。

2．（22-23高三上·天津北辰·期中）According to the school rule, no child ________ be allowed out of the school, unless accompanied by his or her parents.

A．should               B．shall                      C．must                      D．can

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：根据学校规定，除非由父母陪同，否则任何儿童不得离开学校。A.should应该；B.shall将要，可以（用于第二和第三人称的陈述句时，有“警告、规定、命令、威胁、允诺”等）；C. must必须；D.can可以。分析语境可知，本句中含有规定或警告的意思，故用shall。故选B。

3．（2022高三下·全国·专题练习）We be careful when we are making friends on the Internet. (用适当的词填空)

【答案】have to/ought to

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：当我们在互联网上交朋友时，应该小心。根据句意可知，空处应填表示“应该”或者“必须”含义的情态动词，故填have to/ought to。

 

 

5.will和would

1．（22-23高三上·天津和平·期末）— Why don’t you enter the office? They are waiting for you.

— The door ________ open, no matter how hard I pushed.

A．won’t                B．can’t                      C．mustn’t                  D．needn’t

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——你为什么不进办公室？他们正在等你。——不管我怎么推，门都打不开。A. won’t不能，强调实施者执意要开，表意愿，主语可以是人也可以是物；B. can’t不能，表示能力；C. mustn’t不必；D. needn’t不需要。此处主语为door，且表示实施者执意要开，应用won’t。故选A。

2．（21-22高三上·天津南开·期中）Don’t get this kind of ink on your shirt, for it ______ wash out.

A．can’t                 B．mustn’t                  C．shouldn’t                D．won’t

【答案】D

【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：别把这种墨水弄到你的衬衫上，因为它将会洗不掉。A. can’t不能，不会；B. mustn’t不允许，不准；C. shouldn’t不应该；D. won’t不会，将不会。此处表示“将不会”，故选D。

3．（23-24高三上·天津滨海新·期末）The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight ________ be more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.

A．should               B．shall                      C．would                    D．could

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：世界陷入了震惊，大多数人都认为这次太空飞行比乘坐飞机更危险。A. should应该；B. shall将会；C. would很有可能；D. could过去可能，能够。分析句意可知，此处表示有充分理由认为或猜测“更危险”这种情况，需要使用would表示可能性。故选C项。

4．（2024·天津和平·一模）People liked O. Henry’s stories, because simple as the tales were, they ______ finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers’ surprise.

A．could                B．would                    C．might                     D．must

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：人们喜欢欧·亨利的故事，因为这些故事虽然简单，但往往会在结尾突然发生变化，让读者感到惊讶。A. could可能；B. would常常；C. might也许；D. must必须。此处表示过去的习惯，“would + 动词原形”表示过去常常做某事。故选B。

 

 

6.need和dare

1．（2023·天津·高考真题）We _________bother with details, for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us.

A．mustn’t             B．daren’t                   C．needn’t                   D．can’t

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我们不必为细节而烦恼，因为我们的队友会尽全力帮助我们。A. mustn’t禁止；B. daren’t不敢；C. needn’t不必；D. can’t不能。根据“for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us”可知，因为我们队友会全力帮助我们，所以我们不必为细节烦恼。故选C。

2．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）—Sorry, I missed your party yesterday because of an unexpected visitor.

— Actually, you________ the party. It was canceled at the last moment.

A．didn’t need to attend                             B．needn’t have attended

C．shouldn’t have attended                         D．couldn’t have attended

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：——对不起，因为一位不速之客，我昨天错过了你的聚会。——事实上，你不需要参加聚会。在最后一刻取消了。A. didn’t need to attend不需要参加；B. needn’t have attended本不必出席，表示已经出席了；C. shouldn’t have attended本不应该参加：表示对过去某个行为的后悔，认为自己不应该做那件事；D. couldn’t have attended本来不可能出席，表示过去某个时间或事件不可能发生或不可能做到某事。根据后文“It was canceled at the last moment.”此处指不需要参加，故选A。

3.（2021高三上·全国·专题练习）Hespeak English before such a crowd.在这么多人面前他不敢说英语。

【答案】daren't/doesn't dare to

【详解】考查动词。观察中英文提示可知，空处缺少“不敢”的英文表达。dare（敢）可以作情态动词或实意动词使用，情态动词表示否定在dare后面加not，缩写为daren't；观察句子，一般现在时，主语He为第三人称单数，实意动词否定形式为doesn't dare，dare to do sth.敢做某事。故填：daren't/doesn't dare to。

 

二、“情态动词+have done”的用法

1．（23-24高三上·天津·期中）Mary’s bedroom is so tidy. She________have cleaned it yesterday.

A．must                 B．should                    C．need                       D．would

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：玛丽的卧室很整洁。她昨晚一定打扫过了。A. must 一定；B. should 应该，很有可能；C. need 需要；D. would将，会。由“情态动词+have+done”结构可知，此处表示对过去发生事件的肯定性推测，因为第一句交代了玛丽的卧室很整洁的背景，因此推测房间一定是打扫过了，must符合文意。故选A项。

2．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期中）—I failed in the interview, because I didn’t introduce myself completely within three minutes.

—You___________ the details. The main points are more important than details.

A．should omit       B．must omit               C．should have omitted D．must have omitted

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词和虚拟语气。句意：——我面试失败了，因为我没有在三分钟内完成自我介绍。——你本应该省略这些细节的。要点比细节更重要。对过去事情的虚拟或推测用“情态动词+have done”。should have done sth“本应该做某事”，表示实际上没有做。must have done sth“一定做了某事”，表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。由句意可知，本句是对过去事情的虚拟，故排除选项A和B；面试失败了，所以是“本应该省略一些细节的”，故填should have omitted。故选C。

3．（2024·天津河东·一模）I ______ you about your mistakes, but I didn’t think you would listen to me.

A．could have told  B．must have told        C．should tell              D．might tell

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词 。句意：我本可以告诉你你的错误，但我认为你不会听我的。A. could have done本可以做某事而没有做；B. must have done一定做过某事；C. should do应该做某事；D. might do可能做某事。根据“but I didn’t think you would listen to me.”可知，本可以告诉你你的错误。故选A。

4．（23-24高三上·天津河西·期末）There were no signs that the fire had been set deliberately. It ________ by a cigarette end, I guess.

A．would have been caused                        B．should have been caused

C．might have been caused                         D．must have been caused

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词+have done用法辨析。句意：没有迹象表明这场火灾是故意纵火。我猜可能是烟头引起的。A. would have been caused将会被……引起；B. should have been caused本应该被……引起；C. might have been caused可能被……引起；D. must have been caused肯定被……引起。根据语境和后文“I guess”，此处表示主观推测，可能性不大。故选C项。

5．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）They ______ finished the project; it was due on last Friday.

A．must have          B．ought to have          C．would have             D．might have

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：他们一定已经完成了这个项目；上星期五就该交了。由句意及it was due on last Friday可知此处是对过去事实的肯定推测，应用情态动词must+have done的结构，故选A项。

6．（23-24高三上·陕西西安·阶段练习）But for his timely help, we ______ our task in such a short time.

A．wouldn’t finish                                     B．haven’t finished

C．couldn’t have finished                           D．can’t have finished

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词+have done的用法。句意：要不是他及时的帮助，我们不可能在这么短的时间内完成任务。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是对过去事情的否定推测，应用couldn’t have done，表示过去不可能做某事。故选C。

7．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）I didn’t see Fred in the library this morning. He_____have borrowed that book.

A．mustn’t             B．shouldn’t                C．couldn’t                 D．needn’t

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：今天早上我没在图书馆看到弗雷德。他不可能借了那本书。A. mustn’t禁止；B. shouldn’t不应该；C. couldn’t不可能；D. needn’t不需要。结合语境可知，此处表示对过去情况的推测，根据“I didn’t see Fred in the library this morning.”可知，因上午在图书馆没见过Fred，所以推测“不可能”是Fred借的那本书，应使用情态动词couldn’t符合语境。故选C项。

 

三、情态动词用法纵向对比

1.表示能力

表示能力的情态动词有can,could,be able to。

can表示现在或一般的能力，could表示过去的能力，be able to有更多的时态形式。can与现在式be able to可互换。表示过去设法做成某事，要用was/were able to,不能用could。

Is there anything else I can(=am able to)do for you?我还能为你做些别的事吗?(表示现在能力)

If you have a good rest,you will be able to work out the problem tomorrow.

如果你休息好些，明天你就能解决这个问题了。  (将来能力)

He said he could(=was able to)carry the heavy box.他说他能扛这重盒子。(表示过去能力)

2.表示推测

表示推测的情态动词有must,can,could,may,might。

(1)情态动词表示推测的使用场合表

 

(2)情态动词表推测的形式表

 

(3)情态动词表推测在肯定句中的用法

must表“一定”“必定”,语气比may肯定得多。might和could语气最不肯定。

The light is still on.So he must be at home.灯还是亮着的，所以他一定在家里。(现在可能性，表肯定)

It must have rained last night because it was wet in the street.

昨天晚上一定下了雨，因为地是湿的。  (过去的可能性，表肯定)

He may/might/could be at home.他可能在家。(现在的可能性，could不如may,might常用，表不确定）

(4)情态动词表推测在否定句中的用法

must不能用于否定句；

can/could用于否定句，表示“不可能”;may/might用于否定句，表示“可能不，也许不”。

She may/might not come to the meeting this afternoon.今天下午她可能不会来开会。(将来的可能性，表很不确定)

She was afraid that they might not like the car.她担心他们可能不喜欢这部车。(过去的可能性不能用may)

He couldn't be very naughty when he was a child.他小时候不可能很顽皮。(过去的可能性不能用can,表不相信)

(5)情态动词表推测在疑问句中的用法can/could用于疑问句表示“可能……吗?”must,may和might不用于疑问句。Can/Could the news be true?这个消息是真的吗?

3.表示许可

表示许可的情态动词有can,could,may和might。

(1)在肯定句中，表示说话人给予的许可，can与may同义，相当于be allowed to,could与might常用在间接引语中表过去时，但也可用于现在，表示比较委婉的语气。

He says he may leave.他说他可能要离开。

He said he might leave.他说他可能要离开。

You can/may go home.你可以回家了。

(2)在疑问句和if条件句中，can/may用来征询说话人的许可，过去时态用could/might。

—May/Can I watch TV after supper?饭后我可以看电视吗?

—No,you mustn't.不行。

The little girl asked her mother if she could go out to play.小女孩问妈妈可不可以去外面玩儿。

(3)在疑问句中，用could/might征求说话人的许可比用can/may语气更为委婉，但是给予许可时，通常不用could/might回答，而是用can或其他表示客气的词语。

—Could I borrow your bike for today?我可以借用你的自行车一天吗?(could比用can语气委婉)

一Yes,you can./Of course you can.行，可以。(不用could)

4.表示征求意见或请求指示

表示征询对方意见或请求指示的情态动词有shall,should,will和would。

(1)shall和should常用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中。should比shall更委婉，更有试探性。

Where shall he wait for us?他在哪儿等我们好呢?

Shall/Should we go out for a walk?我们现在去散步好吗?(should比shall语气更委婉)

(2)will和would常用在第二人称的疑问句中，would语气比will更委婉。

Would you like some coffee?想喝点咖啡吗?(指现在，比用will语气委婉)

5.表示意志和决心

表示意志和决心的情态动词有shall,will和would。

(1)shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿或决心，有“命令”,  “警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。

You shall do as your teacher says.你照你老师所讲的去做。(命令)

We shall be punished if we break the school rules.如果违反了学校的规章制度，我们就受到处罚。(警告)

(2)will和would表示句子主语的“意志”,“意愿”或“决心”,用于各种人称；will指将来，用would表示语气较委婉。在间接引语中，指过去的将来，要用would。

Tom won't do such a thing.汤姆不愿意做这样的一件事。

He said he would tell you all about it.他说他愿意把事情的全部告诉你。

6.表示习惯或某种倾向

表示习惯或某种倾向的情态动词有will,would和used to。

will,would和used to表示反复发生的习惯性动作或某种倾向，有“总是”,  “惯于”的含义。will指现在习惯或某种倾向，would和used to指过去习惯或某种倾向。

Fish will die out of water.没有了水，鱼就会死。

When I worked in the city,I would take a walk after supper.在那个城市工作时，饭后我常常去散步。

The ancient Egyptian kings used to build pyramids as tombs.古埃及国王们建造金宇塔作为自己的陵墓。

7.表示必要，建议，命令或必须

表示必要，建议，命令或必须的情态动词有must,have to,should和ought to。

(1)must“必须”,  “应该”,强调主观看法，无时态变化，其肯定回答用must,否定回答用need not (needn't)或don't have to,不用must not。

You must do everything as I do.你必须按照我的方式去做。

—Must I stay at home now?现在我必须待在家里吗?一Yes,you must.是的，你必须。

—No,you needn't./No,you don't have to.不，你不必如此。

(2)have to表示由于某种外界(客观)原因而“必须”“不得不”做某事，即强调客观需要，也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做，have to的否定形式表示“不必”。

You will have to clean your own clothes when you live in the school.你在学校住宿时，你将不得不自己洗自己的衣服。

I have to be at my office every evening.每天晚上我不得不待在我的办公室。

(3)should和ought to“应当、应该”,用法基本相同，前者比后者语气轻。should可表示陈述意见，提出建议或请求；而ought to表示有义务或责任必须去做，语气强于have to和should。

You should/ought to work hard.你应当努力学习。

A child ought to obey his parents.孩子应当服从父母。

8.表示惊讶

表示惊讶的情态动词有can,could和should。

(1)can和could表示惊讶、怀疑、迷惑、不满、不耐烦等态度，主要用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。can可与could换用，could语气比can更加委婉，两者在时间上没有什么差别。

How can/could Tom be so careless!汤姆怎么能这样粗心呢!  (不满)

What else can you do?你还能做些什么呢?(不耐烦)

Can/Could it be true?那会是真的吗?(迷惑)

She couldn't/can't be over seventy.她不可能有七十多岁了。(怀疑)

(2)should表示一种惊讶的语气，常用于肯定句中。

It is unthinkable that a strong character like Nancy should find a weak-willed man acceptable.

像南希这样很有主见的女子竟然觉得一个意志软弱的男子也可以接受，真让人不可想象。

I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.她竟然对你说这种话，真让我吃惊。

 

真题回顾

一、阅读理解

（2024·山东济南·一模）A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.

In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged. If they got it correct, they received food; if they were wrong, they received nothing. Results showed that, through trial and error, the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks, increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.

Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning, which is linking two phenomena with each other. For example, it is easy to understand the link. between “water” and “wet”. “Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to. explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Turner said. But that’s exactly what the researchers found.

The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction. And, like the pigeons, the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers. For humans, the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier. But in this case, there were no rules, which upsets humans.

What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.

1．What is the purpose of the new study?

A．To test a theory.                                    B．To evaluate a model.

C．To employ a strategy.                            D．To involve an approach.

2．What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment?

A．Draw circles.     B．Correct errors.        C．Copy gestures.        D．Identify images.

3．What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study?

A．They are of equal intelligence.

B．They are good at making rules.

C．They respond rapidly to orders from humans.

D．They employ simple ways to get things done.

4．What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed

B．Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks

C．“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI

D．AI models after pigeons’ learning approach

【答案】1．A    2．D    3．D    4．C

【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究，该研究揭示了鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，并通过实验验证了这一观点。

1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.(一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登·特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究)”可知，这项新研究的目的是为了检验一个理论。故选A项。

2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.(在这项研究中，研究人员向鸽子展示了各种视觉图像，包括不同宽度和角度的线条，以及不同类型的环。鸽子必须啄一下图片左边或右边的一个按钮来表示图片所属的类别)”可知，鸽子在实验中需要识别图像。故选D项。

3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction.(研究人员的人工智能模型只使用了假设鸽子使用的两种简单机制：联想学习和纠错)”以及最后一段“What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.(Turner说，有趣的是，鸽子使用的这种学习方法与人类设计的人工智能非常相似。他说：“我们为自己设计出人工智能而感到高兴，但同时，我们认为鸽子并不聪明。”)”可知，根据这项研究，鸽子和人工智能都采用简单的方法来完成任务。故选D项。

4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.(一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登·特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究表明鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，因此选项C““Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI(“不聪明”的鸽子可能和人工智能一样聪明)”是本文最好的标题。故选C项。

（2024·云南·一模）How to Deal with Awkward Silences

We all know what it’s like when a conversation dies off and you’re left to sit in silence.     5     Thankfully, filling these silences isn’t as difficult as it may seem. Read on to learn how to initiate small talk and deal with awkward silences.

• Think of topics ahead of time.

Before attending a social event, think of a few “go-to” topics to jumpstart a dead conversation. This will help you to fill the silences instead of struggling for words in the moment. Recent news, local events, popular books and television shows are all good fallback options.     6   

• Ask open-ended questions.

Ask questions that have more than one possible answer.     7     They help avoid resulting in short response. For example, instead of asking, “Did you like your high school?”, you could ask, “What did you like about your high school?”

•     8   

As with any good conversation, the biggest key is to listen. If they respond to your question with a short statement such as “Yes”or “No”, that might indicate that they aren’t comfortable talking about a particular subject. Instead, talk about something that you know they're interested in. For example, “I heard you won your football game the other night. I’d love to hear about it.”

• Give a compliment (表扬).

    9     For example, you could say, “I really like your shirt. Where did you get it?” This could move the conversation in another direction while making the other person feel good. Stick to saying nice things if you’re trying to make small talk.

A．Keep the conversation flowing.

B．It also allows you to spend more time together.

C．Listen carefully and respond to their reactions.

D．There’s only one word to describe it: awkward.

E．This is always a safe bet, as long as it’s appropriate.

F．Such questions are likely to get the person talking more.

G．However, avoid some subjects that may cause arguments.

【答案】5．D    6．G    7．F    8．C    9．E

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何应对在交谈中因为沉默造成的尴尬的方法。

5．上文“We all know what it’s like when a conversation dies off and you’re left to sit in silence. (我们都知道当一次谈话结束，你只能静静地坐着时是什么感觉)”说明谈话结束无话可说的局面非常令人尴尬。空处顺接前文，说明无话可说的感觉非常的尴尬。D项“只有一个词可以形容它：尴尬。”符合语境。该项中的awkward是标题中该词的复现。故选D。

6．上文“Recent news, local events, popular books and television shows are all good fallback options.(最近的新闻、当地的活动、受欢迎的书籍和电视节目都是不错的后备选择) ”说明最近的新闻，活动，受欢迎的书籍和电视节目都是可以提前选择的话题。空处和前文形成转折关系，说明选择话题时需要注意的问题。G项中的“some subjects”和前文中的topics相呼应，所以G项“但是，要避免一些可能引起争论的话题。”符合语境。故选G。

7．上文“Ask questions that have more than one possible answer. (提出有多个可能答案的问题)”说明想要打破沉默，可以提出有多个答案的问题。空处承上启下，说明这样做的好处。F项中的“Such questions”和时前文中该词的复现，下文中的They指代的也是“Such questions”，说明这样的问题可能会让对方多说话。故选F。

8．下文“As with any good conversation, the biggest key is to listen. If they respond to your question with a short statement such as “Yes”or “No”, that might indicate that they aren’t comfortable talking about a particular subject. (与任何好的谈话一样，最大的关键是倾听。如果他们用“是”或“否”等简短的回答来回答你的问题，这可能表明他们对谈论某个特定的话题感到不舒服)”说明本段所给建议为先要认真倾听，在根据听到了的信息做出回应。C项“仔细倾听并回应他们的反应。”适合做本段的主旨句，统领全段。故选C。

9．下文“For example, you could say, “I really like your shirt. Where did you get it?” This could move the conversation in another direction while making the other person feel good. (例如，你可以说：“我真的很喜欢你的衬衫。你从哪里买的？”这可以把谈话推向另一个方向，同时让对方感觉良好)”以及本段的主旨句说明需要赞扬对方，这样会让对方感觉良好。空处为下文中举例所列举的事实。E项中的“ a safe bet”指代标题中的“a compliment ”，说明赞美只要时合适的，就是在交谈中起到作用。所以E项“只要合适，赞美总是一个安全的选择。”符合语境。故选E。

二、单项选择

10．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）According to the agreement in the World Meteorological Congress, the resolution  come into effect upon signature.

A．should             B．shall                      C．would                    D．must

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：根据世界气象大会的协议，该决议自签署之日起生效。A. should 应该；B. shall 必须，一定，应该；C. would 将，会（will的过去式）；D. must 必须。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查shall的用法：当主语是第三人称时，在陈述句中用shall表示义务、强制，命令，允诺等语气。故选B。

11．（23-24高三下·重庆·开学考试）Look at the school rules. It says we___________ be late for school.

A．can                  B．must                      C．needn’t                   D．mustn’t

【答案】D

【详解】考查情态动词的辨析。句意：看看校规。上面说我们上学不能迟到。A. can能，可以；B. must必须，一定；C. needn’t不必；D. mustn’t不应该，不可以，不能。根据上下文可知，校规说我们不能迟到。故选D。

12．（23-24高三上·天津西青·期末）Peter have been so anxious about the deadline, for he had plenty of time to complete the project.

A．dare not           B．needn’t                  C．mustn’t                  D．won’t

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：彼得本不必为最后期限如此焦虑，因为他有充足的时间来完成这个项目。A. dare not不敢；B. needn’t不必；C. mustn’t禁止；D. won’t不会。needn’t have done表示“本不必做某事”，根据for he had plenty of time to complete th project可知，needn’t符合题意。故选B项。

13．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）I advise you to stay away from Mary. Although she is usually easy-going, she ______be quite annoying sometimes.

A．can                  B．need                      C．must                      D．should

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：我劝你离玛丽远点。虽然她通常很随和，但有时也很烦人。A. can有时会；B. need需要；C. must必须；D. should应该。根据“Although she is usually easy-going”可知，此处应用情态动词can表示“有时会”。故选A。

14．（23-24高三上·天津武清·阶段练习）—— Guess what? I’ve won the third prize in the writing competition in Tianjin area.

—— You don’t say. I know you are not good at English. You ______ great efforts!

A．should have made                                B．must have made      C．might make       D．could make

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词表推测。句意：——你猜怎么着？我在天津地区的写作比赛中获得了三等奖。——不会吧。我知道你不擅长英语。你一定下了很大的功夫！根据前文“I’ve won the third prize in the writing competition in Tianjin area.”以及“I know you are not good at English”可知，上文提到获奖了，而“我”知道他不擅长英语，所以“你一定下了很大的功夫”是对过去的肯定推测，用must have done形式。故选B项。

15．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期末）—That woman has been taking care of the two white tigers for 8 years.

—Oh, dear! She ________ a lot of difficulties!

A．could go through                                 B．might go through

C．should have gone through                     D．must have gone through

【答案】D

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：—那个女人照顾两只白虎已经8年了。—哦，天哪！她一定经历了很多困难！A. could go through 可以经历；B. might go through可以经历；C. should have gone through应该已经经历；D. must have gone through肯定经历了。根据上文，她已经照顾了两年了，所以是“一定经历了”，故选D。

16．（21-22高三上·江苏·对口高考）—Look! There stands a man over there behind the tree.I guess it ________ be Mr.Smith.

—It ________ be him.He has gone to his hometown.He left yesterday.

A．may, can’t                                          B．can, mustn’t

C．must, may not                                     D．should, shouldn’t

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——看! 树后面站着一个人。 我猜可能是史密斯先生。——不可能是他。他回家乡去了。他昨天离开的。A. may也许，can't不可能；B. can可以、能够，mustn't不允许；C. must必须，may not可能不；D. should应该，shouldn't不应该。根据I guess可知，第一个空格处语气不确定，表示不太确定的肯定猜测“也许”用may；根据答语中 “He has gone to his hometown.He left yesterday.”可知，表示有把握的否定猜测“不可能”用can't。故选A项。

17．（20-21高三·江苏·对口高考）I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I________ so much fried chicken just now.

A．couldn’t have eaten                              B．mustn’t have eaten

C．wouldn’t have eaten                             D．shouldn’t have eaten

【答案】D

【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：我感觉胃里不舒服，我刚刚不应该吃那么多炸鸡的。A. couldn’t have eaten表示对过去事情的推测，表示“过去不可能做了某事”；B. mustn’t have eaten没有此结构；C. wouldn’t have eaten表示虚拟条件句中对过去情况的虚拟；D. shouldn’t have eaten表示“过去不应该做某事但是做了”。根据句意可知，句子表示虚拟语气，表示“过去不应该做某事但是做了”，用shouldn’t have done。故选D项。

18．（23-24高二上·重庆渝中·阶段练习）There was no one else in the classroom, so he ______ it by himself.

A．should have done                                 B．need have done       C．must have done D．could have done

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：教室里没有别人，所以他一定是自己做的。A. should have done本应该做；B. need have done本需要做；C. must have done肯定做过；D. could have done本能做。 由“There was no one else in the classroom”可知教室里面没人，所以“肯定”是他自己做完的,表示对过去情况的肯定推测用must have done。故选C。

19．（2023·湖南株洲·模拟预测）It’s surprising that Mr. Ma’s little daughter _________ speak English so well.

A．must                B．can                        C．mustn’t                  D．should

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：真的很令人惊讶，马先生的小女儿英语能够说得如此好。A. must必须；B. can能，会；C. mustn’t禁止；D. should应该。根据句意，此处表示“能够”用can。故选B。

20．（22-23高三上·甘肃定西·阶段练习）Ms Smith _________ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn’t have wasted time on him. I suppose.

A．might              B．must                      C．would                    D．should

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：史密斯女士一定认为约翰逊是值得的，否则她不会在他身上浪费时间。我想。A. might或许；B. must一定；C. would将会；D. should应该。根据句意可知，对过去的可能性很大的情况进行肯定推测，用must have done“一定……”。故选B。

21．（22-23高三·全国·假期作业）—Tony, is that Mr. Black over there?

—I knew that he had gone to England. Itbe him.

A．might              B．could                     C．can’t                      D．must

【答案】C

【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——托尼，那是布莱克先生吗？——我知道他已经去了英国。不可能是他。A. might可能，表示不太肯定的推测；B. could可以，表示建议；C. can’t不可能，表示否定的推测；D. must一定，肯定，表示肯定的推测。由I knew that he had gone to England.可知，布莱克先生已经去了英国，所以不可能是他。情态动词的否定推测应用can’t。故选C。

22．（2023·天津·二模）—Congratulations! You ________ great efforts for the English speech contest.

—Thanks. I do appreciate my teacher’s guidance.

A．must have made                                  B．should have made    C．could make       D．would make

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——祝贺你!你一定为这次英语演讲比赛下了很大的功夫。——谢谢。我很感激老师的指导。A. must have done一定已经做了；B. should have done本应做；C. could do能做；D. would do会做。根据句意可知，演讲很成功，说话人向演讲者表达祝贺，说话人推测演讲者在此之前一定为这次比赛下了很大的功夫；对过去情况的肯定推测用must have done结构，意为“一定做了……”。故选A项。

23．（2022高三下·全国·专题练习）Next time, read the small print in the document before you sign it. You ________ make the same mistake again.

A．mustn’t            B．needn’t                  C．don’t have to          D．wouldn’t

【答案】A

【详解】考查情态动词。句意：下次，在你签署文件之前，先看看上面的小字。你不允许再犯同样的错误了。A. mustn't禁止；B.needn't没必要；C.don't have to不必；D.wouldn't不愿意。根据句意可知，此处表示禁止在犯同样的错误，故选A。

24．（2022高三下·全国·专题练习）“Those responsible for the accidentbe punished while those contributing to solving the problems be rewarded.” promised the official then and there.

A．need                B．shall                      C．must                      D．should

【答案】B

【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：“对事故负有责任的人要受到处罚，对解决问题有贡献的人要受到奖励。”那个官员当场答应道。A. need需要；B. shall（表示说话者的意图、允诺、告诫、警告、命令、决心等）一定会，必须，应该，可以；C. must必须，一定；D. should应该。shall用于第二、三人称表示“允诺，警告，命令”等语气。这里是表示“命令”的语气。故选B。